英语书面语英语

一、引言英语书面语是指书写时所用的英语，它要求规范、正式甚至注重文法，普遍用于书信、文件、档案、书籍文献等。口语，顾名思义，就是人在交流时用到的言语，它要求说话人语言条理、连贯，能够准确有效地传递信息，恰当的运用重音、节奏、语调，对语法要求不高，尽可能用精悍、短小的句子表达。下面从礼节；语法、标点法及句子结构；沟通交流三方面将口语和书面语进行比较。二、口语和书面语的比较（一）礼节方面首先，书面语要比口语更正式，书面语更注重文采。但是如果将书面语中那些很多文采的词语或显示语言艺术性的句子用到日常交流中来则会显得说话人笨拙或是故意要与人拉开距离。例如，我们日常见面时打招呼都会用“Hello！”“How are you?”即是陌生人首次见面也只说“How do you do?”但如果你很正式的问一句“How are you recently?”则会显得僵硬、呆板。通常状况下，如果一个人在说话时就像写作时那样规范正式，人们通常认为他待人冷漠甚至骄傲自大，不可一世。（二）语法、标点法及句子结构方面在书面语中，作者除了要表达清楚意思之外，更要注意把握文章的整体结构和每一个句子的语法。如果一个人在一篇文章中使用了错误的语法，就等于这篇文章彻底失败.口语与书面语在文法组织上是不同的。口语可不必跟随文法(grammar)，只要听讲双方达到有效的沟通就可以，因听者有疑问，可即时向讲者发问，而讲者可从听者的身体语言和神态，知道对方的反应。书面语则不同，因读者在远方或不知名，故文法和句子组织要求严格，以免误传讯息。英语口语的句子结构(sentence structure) 是简短和可以较为松散，而书面语则可长可短，句子组织和结构可繁可简，但必定是严紧的。英文商业书信的句子偏向精简，而法律、新闻等文章则较长而复杂，因长句能有效地表达更多内容和资讯。下列是英文口语最常用的十个动词。bring, come, do, get, give, go, make, put, run, take这十个动词是多义词，试查看看，每个动词的解释占去字典起码两个篇幅。多看英语电影的对白，便发觉以上的动词，在对话中出现次数频密，故多用简单的英语词汇。此外，英文口语常用片语动词(phrasal verbs)。片语动词是由动词(verb)加介语(preposition) 或动词(verb)加副词质词(adverbial particle) 组合而成。如bring, come, do, get, give, go, make, put, run,take, turn, throw, tear, stand, send, help 等。Put (verb) + up with (preposition/adverbial particle) 忍受give in 投降show off 炫耀英语口语常以片语动词代替与其同义的单个动词。例如：put up with(口语) , tolerate (书面语) 忍受give in (口语) , surrender(书面语)投降piling up (口语), accumulate(书面语) 累积come in (口语), enter (书面语) 进来blow up (口语), explode (书面语)爆炸我们叫人进来只会说come in，而绝不会说enter。此外，口语具有其独特的地方：(1)语句松散自由，如：Are you crazy? I can’t leave these men for a baby! They’re dying—hundreds of them. Get some woman to help you.(2) 句子省略不全，如：Oh no! Not if trade was good, there wouldn’t be. But if things were bad for a long spell，the young ones might go funny.(3) 词句颇多重复，如:I feel like crying, too! But we haven’t got the time! Come on, girls, we’re late for the Theater! Come on, girls.(4) 使用填空词语。英语中的填空词语很多，如well, you see,you know, I mean, perhaps 等，还有一些起填空作用的声音，如er,mm 等。这些词语及声音符号既体现了说话者语句的连续性，又给了说话者以思考的时间。(5) 借助非语言情景，即说话者有时借助周围环境，不需详细说明，而只用it, that 等代替。另外谈话中还可使用自己的body language来表达情感、传递信息。（三）沟通交流方面书面语仅能通过文字来表达，因此要想使对方清楚了解作者的意图，就要求作者的文章条理清楚、思路清晰、书写规范。否则有时只是一个字母或一个单词的误差，就会带来意义上相去千里的差距，即所谓的失之毫厘，谬以千里。就像英语中最简单的方位介词——in 和on，我们说日本位于中国的东边，应为：Japan is on the east of China. 但如果误写为Japan is in the east of China.可能就要引起两个国家关于主权的纷争了！而口语表达就更丰富多样一些，除了文字之外，还可以配之以语音、语调，甚至面部表情和肢体语言。比如我们在表达“害怕”时，书面语只能写“frighten”或“be afraid”,要想表明害怕的程度，必须配以大段的文字和许多复杂的形容词、动词等。但在口语中，借以颤抖的声音、惊恐的表情、无助的眼神，意境就完全传达了！三、结论综上所述，通过口语与书面语的比较，我们可以看到两者显著的区别：口语是借助声音语调表达意思，其交际的双方面对面出现于同一场合，其发生时多是应时即景的；而书面语则借助于文字符号，其受话者一方并不同时在场，或者受话者是谁也不十分明确，其是在充裕的时间里精心选择和周密组织的。认识到英语口语和书面语的差异，是我们真正学好用好英语的基础。

一般说来，我们学习的英语都是书面语，在中国应试教育的背景下，书面语对我们来说比口语更加重要，而大家都知道，英语可以分为口语和书面语，很多人认为他们之间的唯一区别在于正式性，其实不然，上海翻译公司总结了一下两者之间的区别，在此共勉。英语口语与书面语最大不同的地方，在于文法组织、句子结构、用字和动词等四方面。首先是文法组织。口语可不必跟随文法，只要听讲双方达到有效的沟通就可以，因听者有疑问，可即时向讲者发问，而讲者可从听者的身体语言和神态，知道对方的反应。书面语则不同，因读者在远方或不知名，故文法和句子组织要求严格，以免误传信息。其次是句子的结构。口语的句子结构是简短和可以较为松散，而书面语则可长可短，句子组织和结构可繁可简，但必定是严紧的。英文商业书信的句子偏向精简，而法律、新闻等文章则较长而复杂，因长句能有效地表达更多内容和资讯。最后是用字和动词。上海翻译公司举几个例子和大家分享一下。put up with(口语) tolerate (书面语)忍受;give in (口语) , surrender(书面语)投降;piling up (口语), accumulate(书面语)累积;come in (口语), enter (书面语)进来;blow up (口语), explode (书面语)爆炸。其实不论是口语还是书面语，关键还是在于自己要用心去感受，和外国友人交流的话，不要过分的执着于书面语的条条框框，尽量放轻松，就相当于在和朋友讲中文一样，也不必要注意各种语法，用最简单的词汇和句子就可以了。

一、用于驳性和比较性论文1. In general, I don’t agree with总的说来，我不同意。。。2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water.在我看来，这种观点并不可靠。3. The chief reason why… is that…最主要的原因是。。。4.There is no true that…。。。并不真实5. It is not true that…。。并不正确6. It can be easily denied than…。。。。很容易被推翻7. We have no reason to believe that…我们没有理由相信。。。8. What is more serious is that…更为严重的是。。。9. But it is pity that…遗憾的是。。。10. Besides, we should not neglect that…另外，我们不能忽略。。11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…但问题并不简单。所以。。。12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…有的人可能认为这是正确的，但我认为13. Perhaps I was question why…我对。。。。又疑问14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…这里包含了很多事实，但如果我们关注。。。就不难发现还是又很多问题的。15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but虽然我们都承认。。。但是。。。16. What seems to be the trouble is…现在的问题是。。17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…这些差别导致我感觉到。。。18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…有。。的观点固然合理，但声明。。就显得愚蠢了。19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…我们有理由相信。。。20. What these people fail to consider is that…这些人没有认识到的是。。。21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …这是一个可以支持。。的事实，另一个事实是。。。22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too.像A这样好的东西也有自己的缺点23. The advantages of B are much greater than A.比起A来，B的优势更为显著24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration.如果你考虑到B的优势，你会发现A的优势是多么的可笑二、用于描写图表和数据1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.7. The total number was lowered by 10%.8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…三、用于解释性和阐述性论说文1.Everybody knows that…2.It can be easily proved that…3. It is true that…4. No one can deny that5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…6. The chief reason is that…7. We must recognize that…8. There is on doubt that…9. I am of the opinion that…10. This can be expressed as follows; 11. To take …for an example…12. We have reason to believe that13. Now that we know that…14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…15. The change in …largely results from the fact that16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…17. A number of factors could account for the development in…18. Perhaps the primary reason is…19. It is chiefly responsible of…20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…24. Different people observes it in different ways.四、用于文章的开头1. As the proverb says…2. It goes without saying tan…3. Generally speaking…4. It is quite clear than because…5. It is often said that …6. Many people often ask such question:“…？”7. More and more people have come to realize…8. There is no doubt that…9. Some people believe that…10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?11. One great man said that…12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention. 13. In the past several years there has been…14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…15. Currently there is a widespread concern that…16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.五、用于文章的结尾1. from this point of view…2. in a word…3. in conclusion…4. on account of this we can find that…5. the result is dependent on…6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:7. thus, this is the reason why we must…8. to sum up …9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that…10. It is obvious that…11. There is little doubt that…12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on… 15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…．陈述或论证观点、看法（view，point，opinion）、原因（reason、cause）、方法、手段、措施、步骤。。。。。。（method，means，measures，step。。。）、因素（factor）、利弊、优缺点（advantage，disadvantage）时常用的词语、句式： （1）引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语： 。。。。的原因有许多。There are many reasons why。。。 。。。。的原因如下；The reasons why 。。。are as follows 我的看法是。。。。My opinion is that （2）展开段落论证时常用的句式、词语： ①、第一层次（首先）First，Firstly，In the first place，First of all ，To begin with，For one thing。 我的第一理由是。。。My first reason is that。。。 主要因素是。。。。The main factor is that 。。。 ②第二层次（其次）Second ，Secondly，In the Second place，Next，Then，For another， 另一种方法是。。。Another means of 。。。is to do。。 第二种解决方法是。。。the second solution is that。。。 ③第三层次（第三点）Third，a thirdly，besides，in addition，furthermore，what is more important （3）总结性段落常用句式、词语： 最后一点 last，lastly，finally，in the last place ，last of all，in short，in brief 简言之 in a word ，in summary，to sum up 总之， in conclusion，on the whole，altogether，in all 因此， so，thus，hence，therefore。Consequently，for thee reasons 结果， in consequence，as a result 由此可见。。。 it will be seen from it that 如上所述，我们可以得出结论。。。as has been said above，we can conclude/make a conclusion/draw a conclusion/reach a conclusion come to a conclusion that。。。 （4）将事物的正反、好坏两方面，或者将两种不同事物进行比较，对比时常用的句式、短语： 然而 while ，whereas，but，however，nevertheless 尽管如此 in spite of that，despite all this 但在另一方面 but on the other hand 与。。。相比 in/by in comparison with。。。/as compare with。。。 对比之下 by/in contrast 与。。。相反 as opposed to。。。/instead of。。。 相反 on the contrary，instead 他们的区别如下 The differences are as follows；the differences can be described as follows A与B之间的不同在于。。。。the differences between A and B is /lies in/exists in/consists in。。。；A is different from B in。。。