众有情殇
Billsofexchange,promissorynotesandchequeshavewhatsimilaritiesanddifferences?Eachhaswhatfunction?Isthespecialregulationsofthenegotiableinstrument,itcanbedividedintobillsofbillsofexchange,promissorynotesandcheques.Thebillisoutandissuedbythedrawer,whoentrustedpaymentpeoplesightdraftoronaspecifieddatetopayunconditionallyasumcertaininmoneytothepayeeorbearerabill.Inthedraftconcept,basicpartyhasthree:oneisthedrawer,namelytheissuingtheinstrument;Secondisthepayment,acceptthedrawerandpaythesumpayablebyunconditionally,paymentpersoncanbetheothersincludingBanks,alsocanbethedrawer;Threeisthepayee,namelyholddrafttothedraweeandaskingforpayment.Apromissorynoteisissuer,promisingtoseetickettopayunconditionallyasumcertaininmoneytothepayeeorbearerabill.Lawcalledthepromissorynote,itistopointtoabank'snote.Intheabovetheconceptofapromissorynote,anditsbasicpartyonlytwo:namelytheticketandthepayee.China'spromissorynoteandthemaindifferencebetweenbill:(1)thepartieshavethreeofabillofexchange,promissorynotesandonlytwoparties;(2)apromissorynotethedrawer(alsopayer)limitedtobank;AndonthebillofexchangeandanypaymenttotheholderofthepeoplesoBanks.(3)themakerofapromissorynoteislimitedtothepaymenttermsforfree,andabillmayberegularpayment.Checkoutbyissuedbythedrawer,whoauthorizesthehandlingcheckdepositbankoranyotherfinancialinstitutionintheseetickettopayunconditionallyasumcertaininmoneytothepayeeorbearerabill.Checkthebasicpartieshaveathree:oneisthedrawer,namelyinthebankhavecorrespondingissuingtheinstrumentofthedeposit;2thedraweeis,thatis,Banksandotherlegalfinancialinstitutions;Threeisthepayee,namelyreceiptofpayment.China'scheckofthebillwithdifferent,itsmaindifferencehave:(1)thechequepaymentmustbeBanksandotherlegalfinancialinstitutions,billpaymentofpeoplenotlimitedtofinancialinstitutions;(2)thechequepaymentislimitedtothesightdraft,abillmayberegularpayment.Threesimilarities(1)hasthesameproperties.(1)issetrightsecurities.Billisthebearerbillwrittenbyrightcontent,toproveitsbillrighttoobtainproperty.(2)areformatsecurities.Theformatofthebills(theformandtheitemsrecordedinthe)isbylaw(i.e.negotiablestrictregulation,notabidebytheformatontheeffectivenessofthebilltoacertainextent.(5)aretextsecurities.Therightcontentandnotesofeverythingrelatedtoallmattersonanegotiableinstrumentshallbesubjecttotherecordedtext,notonthebillbytheinfluenceofthetextotherthanmatters.(4)arecanflowthetransferofthesecurities.Generaldebtcontractoftheclaim.Ifyouwanttotransfer,mustobtaintheconsentofthedebtor.Andasthebillcirculationsecurities.Cannotbeendorsedbyendorsementordeliveryofanegotiableinstrumentonlysimpleprocedureandfreetransferandcirculation.(5)arepredictorsofsecurities.Onthebillofrightsthatexistonlyinthebillitself.Textsure,obligesenjoytherighttoholdonlyfornecessaryinstrument,asforthecauseoftheholderacquiresanegotiableinstrument,therightcauseofthealldon'task.Thereasontoexistornot,iseffectiveornot,andthebillrightinprincipletoeachotherisnotaffected.Becauseofthecurrentbillisnotcompletelynegotiablebillofsense.Justbanksettlementway,thisWuYinXingisnotabsolute.(2)havethesameitsfunction.7exchangefunction.Withthefunctionofanegotiableinstrument,solvebetweentwocashinthespaceofobstacles.7creditfunction.Theuseoftheinstrumentcanbesolvedintimeinthecashtopayforobstacles.Thebillitselfisnotgoods,itisbasedoncreditbasisonwrittenvoucher',(3)topayafunction.Theuseoftheinstrumentcanbesolvedincashonformalitiesoftrouble.Billthroughtheendorsementcanbeusedastransfermanytimesinthemarket,beakindofcirculation,paymenttool,reducetheuseofcash.Andbecausetheclearingsystem'sdevelopment,billcanthroughtheclearingcentralclearing,simplifythesettlementprocedures,speedupthecapitalturnoverandimprovetheefficiencyintheuseofsocialcapital:
realnextgen
一、 一般现在时1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。2.时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays,3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式）4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。6.例句：. It seldom snows here.He is always ready to help others.Action speaks louder than words..二、 一般过去时1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本结构：be动词；行为动词 的过去式4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.I didn't know you were so busy.三、 现在进行时1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其他4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.例句： How are you feeling today?He is doing well in his lessons.四、 过去进行时1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其他4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其他5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写）6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.五、 现在完成时1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p（过去分词）+其他4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他5.一般疑问句：have或has。6.例句：I've written an article.The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.六、 一般将来时1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其他；主语+will/shall + do+其他4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ；主语+will/shall not do+其他5.一般疑问句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.It is going to rain.（七、八两种时态一般出现在直接引语转化成间接引语的题型中）七、过去完成时1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去”。2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year (term, month…), etc.3.基本结构：主语+had + p.p（过去分词）+其他4.否定形式：主语+had + not +p.p（过去分词）+其他5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books基本结构：主语+had+p.p（过去分词）+其他①肯定句：主语+ had+p.p（过去分词）+其他②否定句：主语+ had+ not+p.p（过去分词）+其他③一般疑问句：Had+主语+p.p（过去分词）+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句八、 过去将来时1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。2.时间状语：The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.3.基本结构：主语+was/were +going to + do+其他；主语+would/should + do+其他4.否定形式：主语+was/were/not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should 提到句首。6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.I asked who was going there .
阿满思密达
初中英语八大时态总结
时态是在英语学习中至关重要的一个内容，很多学生在实际应用的过程中总是会产生各种各样的问题。为了方便学生们学习，我特为大家 总结 一下初中阶段学习的八大时态。希望此文章能对学生们时态的学习及复习起到帮助作用!
一、一般现在时：
基本结构：①动词原形 ②主语三单：动词原形+s/es
三种常考基本用法：1、经常性和习惯性动作
Eg. I always get up early.
2、客观事实和普遍真理
Eg. The earth goes around the sun.
3、在时间状语从句及条件状语从句中，一般现在表将来
If it doesn't rain, we will have a picnic.
其中，第三种用法就是学生们熟知的"主将从现"的.原则，这一点大家务必掌握，此知识点会在初二 学习 ，同时也是中考重要考点。
常见时间状语：
always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, on Sundays, at weekends, once a week, twice a month, etc.
二、一般过去时：
基本结构：动词的过去式
基本用法：
1、过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态
Eg. I got up late yesterday.
2、过去习惯性、经常性的动作
Eg. When I was in the countryside, I often swam in the river.
常见时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week (year, night, month…), in 1986, just now, at the age of 10, at that time, once upon a time, etc.
三、一般将来时：
基本结构：①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.
基本用法：
am/is/are/going to + do
1、(人)计划打算做某事
Eg. I'm going to go shopping with my mom tomorrow.
2、(事)即将发生
Eg. Look at the clouds, it's going to rain.
will/shall do
1、将来的动作和状态(相对较长远)
Eg. You'll have your own house in the future.
2、礼貌询问、客气邀请
Eg. Will you go with me?
3、意愿
Eg. I will do it for you.
常见时间状语：tomorrow, next day (week, month, year…), soon, the day after tomorrow, in+时间段(格外注意)，etc.
四、现在进行时： 基本结构：am/is/are+现在分词
基本用法：1、此时此刻正在进行的动作
Eg. I am writing a letter now.
2、现阶段正在进行的动作
Eg. I am reading a book these days.
常见时间状语：now, at this time, these days, etc.
五、过去进行时：
基本结构：was/were+现在分词
基本用法：1、过去某时刻正在进行的动作
Eg. He was playing computer games when his father came home.
2、过去某时段正在进行的动作
Eg. He was doing his homework while his mother was cooking.
常见时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
六、过去将来时：
基本结构：①was/were/going to + do;②would/should + do.
基本用法：从过去时间点看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
Eg. He said that he would marry her.
常见时间状语：the next day (morning, year…), the following month (week…), etc.
七、现在完成时：
基本结构：have/has + 过去分词
基本用法：
1、过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果
Eg. I have finished my homework.
2、过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态
Eg. We have waited for her for 2 hours.
常见时间状语：recently, lately, so far, up to now, since+时间点，for+时间段, in the past few years, etc.
现在完成时是考试中的重点也是难点，同学们需要格外加强。特别注意瞬间动词和延续性动词的转化问题，具体会在课程中详细讲解，在此不加以赘述。
八、过去完成时：
基本结构：had + 过去分词
基本用法：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，即"过去的过去"。
Eg. Just before the English class, I suddenly realized that I had left my English textbook at home.
常见时间状语：before, after, by the end of last year(month…),etc.
