英语虚拟时态语法

谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(一) 如果你看到下列的句子，你会认为它们是正确的还是错的呢？ 1. I wish I were a bird. 2. We request that you be here tomorrow. 也许你会说:哈哈，第一句的 I were 错了，应该是 I was；而第二句中的 you be 是什么东东呀？不是 you are, 也不是 you will be, 什么 you be ?; 其实上面的句子都是一种称为 Subjunctive 类型的句子。 动词形式，表示说话人的某种假设、愿望、怀疑、猜测、建议等含义。 基本上，虚拟语气可分为虚拟现在(Subjunctive Present)和虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past)两种；但它们和时态(Tenses)上所指的现在时态(Present Tense)和过去时态 (Past Tense)是有所不同的。 一、虚拟现在 虚拟现在的句子，在任何时候都要用动词的原形(root form)，就算是第三人称(he, she, it)也是如此。如： 1.1 现在时态(Simple Present): (右边为虚拟语气) I work ---- I work he works ---- he work (注意到了吗，是 work，不是 works) she works ---- she work (不是 she works 喔） it works ---- it work (同样不是 it works 喔) 1.2 现在进行时态(Present Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气） I am working ---- I be working (注意用的是 be，怪怪的!) you are working ---- you be working 1.3 现在完成时态(Present Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气) I have worked ---- I have worked he has worked ----- he have worked (用的还是have喔) she has worked ---- she have worked it has worked ---- it have worked 1.4 现在完成进行时态(Present Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I have been working ---- I have been working you have been working ---- you have been working he has been working ---- he have been working (是 he have, 不是 he has ) she has been working ---- she have been working it has been working --- it have been working we have been working ---- we have been working they have been working ---- they have been working 二、虚拟过去(Subjunctive Past) 虚拟过去的动词无论在什么情况之下都要用过去复数形式。如：动词 be，在虚拟过去中要用 were。 2.1 过去时态(Simple Past):(右边为虚拟语气) I worked ---- I worked you worked ---- you worked he worked ---- he worked she worked ---- she worked it worked ---- it worked we worked ---- we worked they worked ---- they worked 2.2 过去进行时态(Past Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I was working ---- I were working （注意是 I were） you were working ---- you were working he was working ---- he were working (是 he were 喔) she was working ---- she were working it was working ---- it were working we were working ---- we were working they were working ---- they were working 2.3 过去完成时态(Past Perfect):(右边为虚拟语气) I had worked ---- I had worked you had worked ---- you had worked he had worked ---- he had worked she had worked ---- she had worked it had worked ---- it had worked (耶，全部都用 had ! ) 2.4 过去完成进行时态(Past Perfect Continuous):(右边为虚拟语气) I had been working ---- I had been working you had been working ---- you had been working he had been working ---- he had been working 全部都是 had been 喔） 谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)（三） 虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。 三、简单的祝愿和命令： 3.1 祝愿 1. May you be happy. (注意那个 be ) 祝你幸福。 2. May you have a good time. 3. May the friendship between us last long, 4. Have a good journey! 祝你旅途愉快！ 3.2 命令 注意：1.命令虚拟语气只能用在第二人称(you)，而且通常省略主语(也就是you)。 2.句子尾通常加上感叹号：！ 3.虚拟语气动词用一般现在时态(Simple Present)，如：work, be , go 4.否定形式的命令语气，可用助动词 do，加上 not。 1. Work ! 2. Work harder ! 3. Be more alert ! (虚拟语气动词 Be) 4. You go out ! 5. Do not work so hard. (do not 表示否定的虚拟语气) 6. Don't be afraid. (口语中常用don"t代替 do not) 谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(四) 四、在现在时态句里，用情态动词(Modal Verb)的过去时态 (could,might,should,would)表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼、委婉等： 1. Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office. (情态动词 would,表示客气有礼) 2. It would be better for you not to stay up too late.(表示委婉) 五、虚拟语气在宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的用法： 5.1 在wish后的虚拟语气宾语从句(可省略它的that)： 表示：a.和现在的事实相反； b.和过去的事实相反； c.对将来的主观愿望。 5.1.1 现在情况的虚拟，从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question. (wish, 动词过去式 knew) 我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. (wish, were) 但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were) 但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能,难道是鸟人？呵呵) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home. (wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese. (wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us. (will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 5.1.2 过去情况的虚拟，从句动词用"had + 过去分词"（时间上较前): 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadn't wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 5.1.3 将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)，从句动词用would/should/ could/might + 动词原形"(时间上较后): (请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同喔) 1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢) 2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢) 3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change) 我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔) 5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join) (只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起) 为了这个wish的部份，可花了我不少时间喔。I wish you would appreciate my work. hi hi…… 谈谈虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)(五) 5.2 除了wish之外，下列各动词(如 suggest)的后面的虚拟语气宾语从句，其谓语用 should + 动词原形表示建议(suggest)、坚持(insist)等虚拟语气： * suggest (建议), recommend (推荐), advise (劝告), propose (建议) * insist (坚持), consent (允诺) * decide (决定), order (命令) * request (要求), demand (要求), desire (期望), ask (要求) * maintain (主张), urge (催促) 1. I suggest that we (should 可省略,下同) start the meeting at once. (suggest, should + start) (表示建议立即开会) 2. The doctor suggested that he (should ) try to lose his weight. (suggested, should + try) (表示建议你应该减肥喔) 3. He insisted that all of us (should) be there on time by any mains. (insisted, should + be) (表示坚持,无论如何都要准时到那儿。你再讲也没 用哩！) 4. He insisted that we (should) tell him the news. (insisted, should + tell) (表示非要你告诉他不可) 5. He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves. (ordered, should + wash) (表示命令学生们每周自己洗衣服)