codified英文

The term discourse (L. discursus, “running to and fro”) identifies and describes written and spoken communications. In semantics and discourse analysis, a discourse is a conceptual generalization of conversation. In a field of enquiry and social practice, the discourse is the vocabulary (codified language) for investigation of the subject, e.g. legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse, et cetera. In the works of the philosopher Michel Foucault, a discourse is “an entity of sequences, of signs, in that they are enouncements (énoncés).”The enouncement (l’énoncé, “the statement”) is a linguistic construct that allows the writer and the speaker to assign meaning to words and to communicate repeatable semantic relations to, between, and among the statements, objects, or subjects of the discourse. There exist internal relations among the signs (semiotic sequences) that are between and among the statements, objects, or subjects of the discourse. The term discursive formation identifies and describes written and spoken statements with semantic relations that produce discourses. As a researcher, Foucault applied the discursive formation to analyses of large bodies of knowledge, e.g political economy and natural history.In the first sense-usage (semantics and discourse analysis), the term discourse is a field of research in corpus linguistics. In the second sense-usage (codified vocabulary), and in the third sense-usage (a statement) the analyses of discourse identify and determine the existing semantic relations among language and structure and agency, as in sociology, feminist studies, and anthropology, ethnography and cultural studies, literary theory and the philosophy of science. A Discourse is a text for communicating data, information, and knowledge, composed of internally related statements. The term interdiscourse identifies and describes the external semantic relations among discourses, because a discourse exists in relation to other discourses, e.g. books of history; thus do academic researchers debate and determine “What is a discourse?” and “What is not a discourse?” in accordance with the denotations and connotations (meanings) used in their academic disciplines.

Nuremberg[英][ˈnʊərəmˌbɜ:g,ˈnjʊər-][美][ˈnʊrəmˌbɚɡ,ˈnjʊr-]n.纽伦堡（德国城市名）；[地名][德国]纽伦堡；TheNurembergLawscodifiedandextendedanti-JewishlegislationinGermany.德国纽伦堡法律变本加厉地延续反犹条例.

1.the Lake District ：a popular tourist area in northwestern England including England's largest lake and highest mountain2.temperate maritime climate ：mild and equable with abundant sunshine, high rainfall and few extremes of heat and cold.3.Old English ：Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, was a mix of the dialects brought from the European continent to Britain by some old Germanic tribes, the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and the Frisians.古英语,也叫盎格鲁撒克逊语,是欧洲大陆一些古日耳曼部族(盎格尔人、撒克逊人、朱特人和弗里斯人)陆续迁移到不列颠岛,带来的各自的方言融合而成的语言。 4.The Church of England ： The Church of England is part of the Continuing Anglican Movement. It was founded in England on 10 February 1994 at a meeting chaired by Dr. David N. Samuel held at St. Mary's, Castle Street, Reading, in reaction to the use of Common Worship and to the ordination of women. Unlike the Free Church of England, which also broke from the Church of England, the Church of England (Continuing) holds to the unmodified Thirty-Nine Articles of Religion of the Church of England and to the 1662 Book of Common Prayer which alone is used by its parishes for worship.5.NATO ：北大西洋公约组织(=North Atlantic Treaty Organization)：also called "the (North) Atlantic Alliance", is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.6.Margaret Thatcher：served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.7.Tertiary Industries 第三产业： (also known as the service sector or the service industry) is one of the three economic sectors, the others being the secondary sector (approximately manufacturing) and the primary sector (extraction such as mining, agriculture and fishing). The general definition of the tertiary sector is producing a service instead of just an end product, in the case of the secondary sector. Although the sharing of information is generally put in the tertiary sector, some economists define a fourth sector, the quaternary sector.8.Big Four ：From the 1996–97 season onwards, the "Big Four" (Arsenal, Chelsea, Liverpool and Manchester United) have dominated the top four spots, thus a place in the UEFA Champions League.英超四大豪门（The Big Four）是4队英格兰超级联赛球队的统称，包括曼联、切尔西、阿森纳和利物浦，因长期垄断英超头4位置而得名，其他英超球队都以击败他们为目标。9.constitutional monarchy 君主立宪体：is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a written (i.e., codified), unwritten (i.e., uncodified) or blended constitution. It differs from absolute monarchy in that an absolute monarch serves as the sole source of political power in the state and is not legally bound by any constitution.10.No.10 Downing Street ：10 Downing Street is the British Prime Minister's official residence.唐宁街10号是英国首相的官邸. 11.The Privy Council （英)枢密院： is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Its members are largely senior politicians, who were or are members of either the House of Commons or House of Lords of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.12.The Conservative Party 英国保守党：The Conservative and Unionist Party, more commonly known as the Conservative Party, is a political party in the United Kingdom that adheres to a right wing 13.Angles,Saxons and Jutes ：In the 5th century A.D. three West Germanic tribes, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, crossed the North Sea into Britain, Bringing with them a language that would that would later be known as English.在公元5世纪,三个西部日耳曼部落--盎格鲁人、撒克逊人、朱特人跨过北海进入不列颠,带着他们的语言,后来成为众所周知的英语。 14.Alfred, the Great阿尔弗雷德大帝 ：Alfred, king of england, is a great scholar as well as a great ruler。阿尔弗雷德,英格兰的国王,是一位伟大的统治者,同时也是一位伟大的学者 15.Norman Conquest ：The Norman Conquest happened in 1066, when Norsemen who had lived for more than a hundred years in Normandy and had been Frenchified invaded England.1066年,在法国诺曼底住了io0多年而法国化了的北欧人入侵英国,这叫做诺曼征服。 16.the Great Charter ：is an English legal charter, originally issued in the year 1215. It was written in Latin and is known by its Latin name. The usual English translation of Magna Carta is Great Charter.17.All Eastes Parliament 18.Hunderd Years' War： the series of wars fought intermittently between France and England; 1337-145319.Black Death ：In the 14th century, plague ravaged Europe and Asia and was called the Black Death.14世纪鼠疫横行欧洲和亚洲,称为黑死病