racism的定义英文

种族主义是一种自我中心的态度，认为种族差异决定人类社会历史和文化发展，认为自己所属的团体，例如人种、民族或国家，优越于其他的团体。种族主义起源于19世纪末，列强瓜分非洲的年代。当时非洲的资源被大量掳掠到欧美各国，包括人力资源。这些人被当作奴隶售卖。种族主义的基本内容是：种族歧视种族隔离极端的种族灭绝种族主义经常是对科学的“种族”概念的误解。他也可以视作是一个社会问题，因而经常被政客作为一个政治工具来使用。种族主义从集合心理学的角度看，可以解释为一种情感上的现象。种族斗争是长期压抑的愤怒和敌意所造成的。有一种观点认为种族间存在行为上的差别，这种观点直到现在还经常引起争论，很难消除。一些概念，例如国民性格、精神、性情等都是这种观点的产物。这些感念是很含糊的，许多观念与生物学上的种族概念毫无关系。只是被人利用，造成不幸的后果。到现在为止，还没有人能将固有的行为特征归为某个不能按文化习惯来解释的人类群体。另一个种族主义者经常提到的观点是不同的种族存在着智力上的差异。但是根据科学家认为智力测验只能应用于特定的文化环境。只有对特定的文化环境进行详细的考察，这些智力测验的结果才有意义。但是也有科学家认为，既然不同种族间存在着遗传体质上的差异，例如肤色、发色等，因此不同种族的智力也可能由于基因的不同而不同。更多的研究表明，智力确实受到基因的影响，但是环境同样对智力的发展有很大的影响。也就是说，智力是基因和环境相互作用的结果。而且当前测试智力是通过智商的测验。但是有关什么样的智力才能实际构成智力的特质这一点还没有能够被普遍接受的意见。因此智商测验很难准确地判断智力情况，它不是测量遗传智力的好办法。目前为止，人类种群间是否存在智力方面的差别还没有得到证实。Racism is a self-centered attitude, that racial differences in the historical and cultural development of human society that they belong to groups, such as race, ethnicity or country is superior to other groups.Racism originated in the 19th century, foreign powers carved up Africa's era. At that time a large number of Africa's resources have been pillaged to the European and American countries, including human resources. These people were sold as slaves.The basic elements of racism are:RacialApartheidExtreme genocideRacism is often the science of "race" concept of misunderstanding. He also can be regarded as a social problem, which is often the politicians as a political tool. Psychology of racism from the collection point of view, can be interpreted as an emotional phenomenon. Racial struggle is long-term suppression of anger and hostility caused by.There is a view that acts of inter-ethnic differences exist, this view until now has often been disputed, it is difficult to eliminate. Some concepts, such as national character, spirit, temperament, etc. are all products of this view. The gratitude is very vague, and many ideas and biological concept of race irrelevant. Is being used, resulting in tragic consequences. Until now, no one can fall into the behavioral characteristics inherent in a particular cultural practices can not be explained by the human population.Another view is that racists often mentioned the existence of different ethnic intellectual differences. But according to scientists believe that IQ tests can only be applied to a specific cultural environment. Only for specific detailed examination of the cultural environment, which makes sense the results of intelligence tests. But there are scientists believe that since the existence of different genetic constitution of inter-ethnic differences, such as skin color, hair color and so on, so the intelligence of different races may also be due to genetic differ. More research shows that intelligence is indeed affected by genes, but the environment is the development of intelligence greatly affected. In other words, intelligence is the result of the interaction of genes and the environment. And the current testing intelligence through IQ tests. But what kind of intelligence can be related to the actual composition of the characteristics of intelligence that has not been able to generally accepted views. So IQ tests is difficult to accurately determine mental conditions, it is not a good way to measure the genetic intelligence. So far, the existence of human intellectual inter-population differences have not yet been