foxbaby168
很多鸟类具有沿纬度季节迁移的特性，夏天的时候这些鸟在纬度较高的温带地区繁殖，冬天的时候则在纬度较低的热带地区过冬。夏末秋初的时候这些鸟类由繁殖地往南迁移到渡冬地，而在春天的时候由渡冬地北返回到繁殖地。这些随着季节变化而南北迁移的鸟类称之为「候鸟」(migrant)。就特定观察地点而言，这些南来北往的候鸟可依照它们出现时间的不同予以归类，以台湾为例，夏天由南方来到台湾繁殖的候鸟称之为「夏候鸟」(summer visitor)，冬天由北方来到台湾渡冬的候鸟则称为「冬候鸟」(winter visitor)。如果候鸟在比台湾更北的地方繁殖，在更南的地方过冬，它们在秋季南下与春季北返经过台湾时只做短暂的停留，则称之为「过境鸟」(transient)。同一种候鸟在不同的观察点，可能被归为不同的类别。例如赤腹鹰在台湾是过境鸟，在日本则是夏候鸟，而在菲律宾则是当地的冬候鸟。相对于来来去去的候鸟，有很多鸟类则是一年四季都在同一个地方生活，这类鸟称之为「留鸟」(resident)。在一个地方，除了留鸟、夏候鸟、冬候鸟、过境鸟之外，还有一些鸟类，它们的主要分布区域在很远的地方，只是偶尔有少数个体因为迷失方向或其他原因，来到该地，这些鸟类可能好几年才会被发现一次，称之为「迷鸟」(vagrant)。编辑本段候鸟为什么要迁移很多动物都会迁徙，其中鸟类每年春秋两季的迁移过程中，迁移距离可从数百公里到数万公里。鸟类能飞越沙漠或海洋等难以停栖休息或补充能量的区域，因此被认为在因应迁移上，是演化最成功的一类动物。鸟类每年定期且大规模的迁移，在很早以前就吸引人类的注意。候鸟为什么要迁移？从哪里来？要去哪里？是否所有族群都会迁移？为什么有些鸟迁移得比其它的鸟还远？什么机制促使候鸟在每年几乎固定的时间开始迁移？候鸟用什么方法在茫茫天际间往正确的方向迁移？等等，一直是科学家深感兴趣的课题。行为生态学研究动物行为的生态意义；行为生态学常以代价(cost)与利益(benefit)来说明某一行为为什么会发生。要解答「候鸟为什么要迁移？」，我们也可以用行为生态学的角度来解释。鸟类在温带地区繁殖的好处是温带地区夏季昼长夜短，有更长的白天可以觅食、哺育幼雏、避免在物种繁多的热带地区繁殖所须面临的巢位与食物竞争，并且温带地区夏季的昆虫量也比热带地区丰富，同时温带地区天敌较少，天敌的捕食压力相对较低。但是温带地区冬季气候严寒，经常面临食物缺乏的问题。在热带地区则相反，繁殖季面临巢位与食物资源的强烈竞争，同时天敌的捕食压力也比较大，但是冬季的气候温和，且冬季食物资源也比温带地区丰富很多。候鸟则因为夏天在温带地区繁殖，冬天在热带地区过冬，而兼取两地的好处。既然如此，为什么不是所有的鸟类都成为候鸟？答案是迁移是必须付出代价的。例如迁移过程需要消耗大量的能量、可能遇到不良的天气、迁移方向定位错误、要适应不熟悉的新环境、并且与其它候鸟及该地的留鸟竞争资源等等。同时，当所有的鸟类都采取有较大好处的行为模式（迁移）时，竞争变大，原本没有很大好处的行为模式（不迁移）就会相对变得较为有利。因此不同的行为模式在演化上就都会存在，并达到一个演化上稳定的策略(Evolutionary Stable Strategy, ESS)。这同时也是为什么有些鸟类会部分族群迁移，部分族群不迁移的原因。进一步说，同一族群中冬季不迁移的个体可能必须忍受食物缺乏的危机，但可以在下个繁殖季来临前尽早占据较好的繁殖巢位，增加生殖成功率；相反的，迁移个体则可以在温暖的渡冬区获得较丰富的食物来源，但须冒迁移时的危险及繁殖巢位可能较差的代价。迁不迁移是个体生存与繁殖策略的问题，若迁移个体的生殖成功率远高于不迁移者，则演化将趋向于迁移的行为模式；反之，若迁移个体的生殖成功率远低于不迁移者，则演化方向将不利于迁移行为；若两种策略的生殖成功率类似，则两种行为模式在演化上都将被保留。整体而言，我们可以依据鸟类在温带及热带所面对的繁殖及生存特性，归纳出下面这个简表。在温带地区的繁殖成功率较高，但是面临冬季严苛的气候，因此成鸟与亚成鸟的存活率低。热带地区的竞争较大，繁殖成功率低，但是成鸟与亚成鸟的存活率则高。候鸟因为面对迁移过程所必须付出的代价，所以成鸟与亚成鸟的存活率中等，同时因为回到北方温带繁殖时，时间上会比当地留鸟晚，而且好的巢位也会被留鸟先占据，所以繁殖成功率也是中等的(Gill 1990年)。温带留鸟 候鸟 热带留鸟繁殖成功率 高 中等 低成鸟存活率 低 中等 高亚成鸟存活率 低 中等 中等到高编辑本段迁移过程鸟类何时开始迁移一般受日照长短影响，但是气候条件及风向、风速大小也会影响迁移时间。日照长短会影响鸟类的内分泌，在迁移时节来临时使鸟类的行为变得焦躁不安，称为迁移性焦躁(migratory restlessness)，此时若气候及风向、风速条件都合适时，鸟类便开始迁移。日照长短的变化是很规律的，因此候鸟迁移也多半很固定，这也是为什么每年固定在十月上旬会有大量的灰面鹫过境垦丁，八卦山春季北返的灰面鹫则固定在三月二十一日前后达到最高峰。一般而言，猛禽都在晴朗的好天气迁移，利用日间的热气流盘旋升空可以将能量的耗损降到最低；小型燕雀目鸟类则多在夜间迁移，一般认为如此可以避免白天时的天敌威胁。迁移时最主要的能量来源是体脂肪。小型非迁移性鸟类之体脂肪占身体正常体重的3~5%，短距离迁移的鸟类则在13~25%之间，而长距离或洲际迁移的鸟类，体脂肪则可以达体重的30~47% (Berthold 1975年)。小型鸟类通常迁移数百公里后必须以1~3天的时间补充能量。河口湿地因为食物资源丰富，常常成为这些迁移鸟类补充能量的中途站。对迁移性鸟类而言，迁移时间缩得愈短，面对迁移过程的代价就可能愈低，同时愈早到达渡冬地也愈能尽早觅得好的栖地，减低与其它渡冬鸟类竞争的压力。因此它们停留在中途站的时间都很短，而且在食物资源丰富的中途站，短短几天就可以让体重增加一倍，这种觅食效率是很惊人的。所以秋天及春天在河口湿地常常可以看到大群的水鸟，而且鸟种组成在很短的时间内就会有很大的变化。一般认为鸟类迁移的路径是遗传而来，尤其一些鸟种的亚成鸟第一次迁移时，在没有亲鸟带领下仍可顺利到达渡冬地，由此可以说明遗传的重要性。但也有很多鸟类的迁移是经由学习而来的，亚成鸟经由跟随亲鸟迁移而习得迁移路径。
高兴儿88
Many birds have migrated along the latitude of the characteristics of the season, the summer when these birds in the temperate regions of high latitude propagation, when winter in lower latitudes over the winter in tropical areas.夏末秋初when these birds migrate from breeding grounds to wintering in the south, and in the spring from wintering in the North to return to the breeding grounds. With the seasonal changes in these north-south migration of birds as "birds" (migrant). Observation on specific locations, these migratory birds may be in accordance with the南来北往they appear to be classified in different time, to Taiwan as an example, the summer came to Taiwan from southern breeding birds as "birds summer" (summer visitor) winter came from the north of migratory birds wintering in Taiwan is referred to as "migratory birds in winter" (winter visitor). If migratory birds in northern Taiwan than in the breeding areas, in the more southern parts of the winter, they move south in the fall and back north in spring, after only a short time in Taiwan to stay, then known as the "bird in transit" (transient). The same birds at different observation points, may be attributable to the different categories. For example, red-bellied hawk birds transit in Taiwan, in Japan it is the summer migratory birds, while in the Philippines is the local winter birds. Compared with the migratory birds come and go, there are many birds all year round it is the same place in life, this kind of bird known as the "resident" (resident). In one place, in addition to resident birds and summer migratory birds and winter migratory birds in transit, there are a number of birds, they are mainly regional in faraway places, but occasionally a small number of individuals lost due to the direction of or for other reasons, came to the These birds may only be found in several years time, known as the "bird lovers" (vagrant). [Edit this paragraph] Why do birds migrate Will be a lot of movement of animals, including birds in spring and autumn each year of the migration process, migration distance can be hundreds of kilometers to tens of thousands of kilometers. Birds flying over the desert or the ocean can be difficult, such as rest or resting energy region added, it was considered in the light of migration, it is the evolution of one of the most successful animals. Birds and large-scale annual migration, in a long time ago to attract the attention of mankind. Why do birds migrate? Come from? Going? Whether all groups are moved? Why do some birds than other bird migration is still far? What is the mechanism of migratory birds each year, almost to the time fixed migration? Migratory birds on the way to the horizon in the vast inter-migration to the right direction? And so on, has been a subject of great interest of scientists. Research on Behavioral Ecology of the ecological significance of animal behavior; Behavioral Ecology often the price (cost) and benefits (benefit) to explain why a certain behavior to occur. To answer "Why do birds migrate?", We can also act to explain the point of view of ecology. Birds breeding in temperate areas of the temperate regions of the advantage of short-night summer day, it can be longer during the day feeding, feeding fledgling, avoid many of the tropical species to be breeding places facing the nest with food competition, and temperate regions insects in summer than in tropical areas also rich in natural enemies at the same time less temperate regions, natural enemies of the relatively low predation pressure. However, cold winter in temperate regions, often face the problem of lack of food. The opposite is true in tropical areas, facing the breeding season the nest with food resources places a strong competition, and at the same time the pressure of predators preying on relatively large, but the climate is mild in winter, and winter food resources than the rich in many temperate regions. Migratory birds because of the summer breeding in the temperate regions, winter in the tropics in winter, and and get the benefits of the two places. So, why do not all have become migratory birds? The answer is that migration is necessary to pay the price. For example, the relocation process would take a lot of energy consumption, they may encounter bad weather, migration, orientation error, it is necessary to adapt to the new environment are not familiar with, and with other migratory and resident birds of the competition for resources and so on. At the same time, when all the birds have taken advantage of a greater pattern of behavior (migration), the competition has become larger, there was no great benefit to the behavior patterns of (non-removal) will become relatively more favorable. Thus different patterns of behavior on the evolution is still there, and reached a stable evolutionary strategy (Evolutionary Stable Strategy, ESS). It is also part of why some groups of birds will migrate, some of the reasons for non-removal groups. Furthermore, the same ethnic groups do not migrate in the winter of the individual may have to put up with lack of food crisis, but the next breeding season could be as early as possible before the advent of better reproduction to occupy the nest, and increased reproductive success rate; the other hand, migration of individuals can be in warm wintering area of a more abundant source of food, but the time required to run the risk of migration and breeding nests may be less price-bit. Migration is not to move the individual survival and reproductive strategy of the problem, if the relocation of the individual's reproductive success rate is much higher than those who do not migrate, then evolution will tend to the behavior patterns of migration; the other hand, if the relocation of the individual's reproductive success rate far lower than the non-removal , they will not be conducive to the evolution of the direction of migration behavior; if two strategies similar to the reproductive success rate, then the two behavioral patterns in the evolution of both will be preserved. Overall, we can be the basis of temperate and tropical birds in the breeding and survival of the face features, summarize the summary table below. In temperate regions a higher rate of reproductive success, but faced with the harsh winter climate, so the adult birds and sub-adult birds with low survival rates. Greater competition in the tropics, the low success rate of breeding, but the adult birds and sub-adult survival rate of birds is high. Migratory birds because of the migration process must be willing to pay, so the adult birds and the survival rate of sub-adult birds Medium, at the same time as the return to the north temperate zone breeding, the time will be later than the local resident birds, but will also be a good place to stay nest birds to occupy, so the success rate of propagation is also moderate (Gill 1990 years). Tropical migratory birds to stay in temperate resident birds High breeding success rate of low The survival rate of adult birds in the high-low Sub-adult birds with low survival rates until the middle of the high - [Edit this paragraph] migration process When the migration of birds in general by the length of sunshine, but weather conditions and wind direction, wind speed will also affect the size of migration time. Sunlight will affect the length of the endocrine birds in the migration season comes so that the behavior of birds becoming restless, called migratory restlessness (migratory restlessness), at this time if the weather and wind direction, wind speed conditions are suitable, the birds began to migration. Changes in the length of sunshine laws is, therefore, also most of the migratory birds migrate very fixed, and that is why every year in early October there will be fixed in a large number of gray-faced buzzard transit Kenting, Baguashan spring back north of the gray-faced buzzard are fixed at March before and after the peak on the 21st. In general, birds of prey in fine weather migration, use the day off of the hot air currents over the depletion of energy can be minimized; small songbirds birds migrate at night are more than is generally believed that this could have been avoided at the time of the day the threat of predators. Migration is the most important source of energy for body fat. Small non-migratory birds in the body of the body fat of normal body weight accounted for 3 to 5%, short-distance migration of birds in the 13 ~ 25%, while the long-range or intercontinental migration of birds, body fat weight can be up to of 30 ~ 47% (Berthold 1975 years). Small birds often migrate hundreds of kilometers to be 1 to 3 days to add energy. Wetland because the food is rich in resources, migration of birds often become a way station for added energy. Of migratory birds, the migration time reduced short survivors, in the face of the cost of migration may be lower, the earlier the arrival of wintering at the same time are also more able to find good habitat as soon as possible to reduce the wintering birds and other types of competitive pressures. So that they remain at the halfway point of time is very short, but rich in food resources, a way station for a few days so that weight gain can double the efficiency of such feeding is very alarming. Therefore, in the fall and spring wetland often large group of water birds can be seen, but the composition of bird species in a very short period of time there will be a great change. Bird migration is generally believed that the path from genetic, in particular, a number of bird species in the first sub-adult bird migration, in the absence of the parent birds can still be successful and lead to reach the wintering, which illustrates the importance of genetic. But there are also many birds migrate through the learning comes through the following sub-adult bird migration and the acquisition of pro-bird migration path.
叶烨夜夜
1、分布范围常见并广泛分布于东南亚，经小巽他群岛引种其他各地远及澳大利亚，中国东部及台湾省及沿海各省常见留鸟和笼养鸟。常见于华中、西南、华南及华东各地开阔的低地及村庄[1] 。2、形态特征雌雄同色，尾略显长，外侧尾羽前端的白色甚宽，飞羽较体羽色深，体羽大多为灰褐色。明显特征为颈侧满是白点的黑色块斑，虹膜为橘黄，嘴为暗黑褐色，脚为紫红色。叫声为轻柔悦耳的“咕-咕咕-咕咕”反复重复，最后一音为加重[1] 。3、保护级别：国家“三有”保护动物。不是
北京大妞轩儿
斑鸠 英文名: Turtle Dove 拉丁文:Streptopelia turtur turtur拼音：bān jiù亦作turtle dove。亦译欧斑鸠。 鸠鸽目(Columbiformes)鸠鸽科(Columbidae)斑鸠属(Streptopelia)的欧洲和北非鸟类，学名Streptopelia turtur。体长28公分(11吋)。体淡红褐色，头蓝灰色，尾尖白色。在地面觅食，吃大量小型种子。候鸟，在非洲北部越冬。
