英语语态讲解

英语八大时态分别是：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、一般将来时和过去将来时。

时态（tense）是一种动词形式，不同的时态用以表示不同的时间与方式。它是表示行为、动作、状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。

扩展资料：

一、一般现在时

一般现在时，是一种英语语法形式。表示通常性、规律性、习惯性、真理性的动作或状态，或者动作有时间规律发生的事件的一种时间状态。在英语语法中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。

二、一般过去时

一般过去时表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。在英语语法中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。

三、现在进行时

现在进行时是英语的一种时态，表示现在进行的动作或存在的状态。在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。现在进行时表示动作发生的时间是“现在”，动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。

四、过去进行时

过去进行时（Past continuous tense或Past Progressive tense），表示过去在某一时间段或某一段时间内正在发生或进行的动作或状态。在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。

五、现在完成时

现在完成时是过去的动作或状态持续到现在并且已经完成，对现在造成的影响，可能持续发生下去。在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。

完成时态的构成分为两部分：一是助动词，二是实义动词的过去分词-ed。具体来说，用助动词have表示“时”，以表明动作发生的时间是在过去、现在还是将来；用过去分词来表示动作的“态”，以表明该动作已经完成。

六、过去完成时

过去完成时(The Past Perfect Tense)：表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作，对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果，用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。

在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。 它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，侧重事情的结果。

七、一般将来时

一般将来时表示将来某一时段的动作或状态，或将来某一段时间内经常的动作或状态。在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。

一般将来时常常和表示将来的时间状语连用。如：tomorrow（明天）， next week（下周 ）；in the future（将来）；in a year（一年以后）等。 一般将来时由助动词shall（第一人称），will（所有人称） 动词原形构成。美式英语则不管什么人称，一律用will。或用主语+be动词 + going to 动词（be going to）

八、过去将来时

一般过去将来时表示从过去的某一时间来看将来要发生的动作或呈现的状态。在英语时态中，“时“指动作发生的时间，”态“指动作的样子和状态。 一般过去将来时的出发点是过去，即从过去某一时刻看以后要发生的动作或状态。

参考资料来源：百度百科－时态

动词的语态 语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态. 主语是动作的发出者为主动语态；主语是动作的接受者为被动语态. 1）若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态 时,该不定式前要 加"to".此类动词为感官动词. feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice, watch The teacher made me go out of the classroom. --> I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher). We saw him play football on the playground. --> He was seen to play football on the playground. 2）情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态. Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry. 1 let 的用法 1）当let后只有一个单音节动词,变被动语态时,可用不带to 的不定式. They let the strange go.---> The strange was let go. 2） 若let 后宾补较长时,let 通常不用被动语态,而用allow或permit 代替. The nurse let me go to see my classmate in the hospital. ----> I was allowed / permitted to see my classmate in the hospital. 2 短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体,不可丢掉后面的介词或副词. This is a photo of the power station that has been set up in my hometown. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma. Such a thing has never been heard of before.. 3 表示"据说"或"相信" 的词组 believe, consider, declare, expect, feel , report, say, see, suppose, think, understand It is said that… 据说 It is reported that… 据报道 It is believed that… 大家相信 It is hoped that… 大家希望 It is well known that… 众所周知 It is thought that… 大家认为 It is suggested that… 据建议 It is taken granted that… 被视为当然 It has been decided that… 大家决定 It must be remember that…务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 4 不用被动语态的情况 1) 不及物动词或动词短语无被动语态： appear, die disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house. 比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词. (错) The price has been risen. (对) The price has risen. (错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week. (错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised. (错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. 要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些 动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的.特别是一词多义 的动词往往有两种用法.解决这一问题唯有在学习过程 中多留意积累. 2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语： fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to This key just fits the lock. Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 3) 系动词无被动语态： appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn It sounds good. 4) 带同源宾语的及物动词,反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态： die, death, dream, live, life She dreamed a bad dream last night. 5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态. (对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her. 5 主动形式表示被动意义 1)wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell, drive… The book sells well. 这本书销路好. This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用. 2)blame, let(出租), remain, keep, rent, build I was to blame for the accident. Much work remains. 3) 在need, require, want, worth (形容词), deserve后 的动名词必须用主动形式. The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired. This room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下. This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读. 4) 特殊结构：make sb. heard / understood (使别人能听见 /理解自己),have sth. done ( 要某人做某事). 6 被动形式表示主动意义 be determined, be pleased, be graduated (from), be finished, be prepared (for), be occupied (in), get marries He is graduated from a famous university. 他毕业于一所有名的大学. 注意： 表示同某人结婚,用marry sb. 或get married to sb. 都可. He married a rich girl. He got married to a rich girl. 7 need/want/require/worth 注意：当 need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing 也可以表示被动. Your hair wants cutting. 你的头发该理了. The floor requires washing. 地板需要冲洗. The book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读. 典型例题 The library needs___, but it’ll have to wait until Sunday. A. cleaning B. be cleaned C. clean D. being cleaned 答案A. need (实意) +n /to do,need (情态)+ do,当为被动 语态时,还可need + doing. 本题考最后一种用法,选A.如有to be clean 则也为正确答案. 典：done,"不可能已经".must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时). 一、 被动语态的用法： 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单,可以遵循以下几个步骤： 1. 先找出谓语动词； 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化. 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态. What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义. This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to . 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定. He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词. We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laugh at by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.

其具体变化为：

一般现在时：am/is/are+p.p.

一般过去时：was/were+p.p.

一般将来时：shall /will be +p.p.

现在完成时：have /has been +p.p.

现在进行时：am/is/are+being+p.p.

过去将来时：should /would be +p.p.

含情态动词的被动结构：情态动词+be+p.p.例如：

① Chinese ______ by the largest number of people.(选D。考查一般现在时的被动语态)

A.speak B.is speaking C.speaks D.is spoken

② The boy ______ to get supper ready after school.(选C。考查一般过去时的被动语态)

A.were told B.is telling C.was told D.tells

③ A lot of new roads ______ built in the west of China.(选B。考查含情态动词的被动语态)

A.must B.must be C.has D.have

B.明确用法

被动语态常用于以下两种情况：

1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者;

2.强调动作的承受者。例如：

这棵树是那个男孩弄断的。

The tree ______ ______ by that boy. (填was broken)

C.熟练转换

1.将主动语态变被动语态的基本方法为：

①将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语;

②谓语动词变为“be+及物动词的过去分词”，并通过be的变化来表达出不同的时态;

③主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。(有时by短语可以省略)。

2.被动语态的一般疑问句是将一个助动词置于主语之前;否定句是在第一个助动词后加not;特殊疑问句的.语序为：疑问词+一般疑问句。例如：

① You must throw the broken pottery away at once.

The broken pottery ______ ______ ______ ______ at once.(同义句) (填must be thrown away)

② Where did they grow vegetables?(改为被动语态)

Where ______ vegetables ______ ?(填were;grown)

D.注意特例

将主动语态变被动语态应注意几个特殊情况：

1.含双宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时，有两种方法：

①将间接宾语变为主语，直接宾语保持不变;

②将直接宾语变为主语，间接宾语用介词to或for引导。例如：

① He told us a story.(变被动语态)

→We were told a story(by him).或：A story was told to us by him.

② Her mother gave her a new pen.(变被动语态)(填was given to)

A new pen ______ ______ ______ her by her mother.

2.短语动词的被动语态：在变为被动语态时，要将短语动词视为一个整体，其后的介词或副词不能省去。例如：

① This dictionary mustn't ______ from the library.[D]

A.take away B.taken awayC.are taken away D.be taken away

② She will take good care of the children.(变被动语态)(填be taken good care of)

The children will ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ (by her).

3.含有复合宾语的主动结构变被动结构时，通常将宾语变为被动句的主语，而宾语补足语就成为主语补足语。注意：省略to的不定式作宾补时，不定式符号to必须补上。例如：

Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.(变被动语态)

He ______ ______ ______ swim in Qianling Lake yesterday.

(填was seen to)

4.不定式的被动结构：动词不定式的被动语态为“to be +过去分词”。例如：

The radio says a wild animal zoo is to ______ in our city.

A.be building B.build C.be built D.built [C]

5.以疑问代词开头的疑问句转换成被动句时要注意词序：应将主动句中的疑问代词改为介词by的宾语，但仍然放在句子开头。例如：

Who has broken the cup?(改为被动语态)

→By whom has the cup been broken?

E.注意区别

被动语态和过去分词作表语的区别：

1)含义不同：被动语态强调动作，重点说明动作由谁完成、怎样完成;而过去分词作表语通常用来描写情景，叙述人或事物的特征及所处的状态。试比较：

The window is broken.窗子破了。(系表结构)

The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。(被动语态)

2)用法不同：过去分词作表语时可以被 so，very，too等程度副词修饰，而被动语态则不能用so，very，too修饰，而需用much，very much，so much，too much修饰。试比较：

He was very interested in science.他对科学有极大兴趣。(系表结构)

I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know what to do.我被那种场面搞得大吃一惊，不知所措。(被动语态)

F.牢记(相关)句型

初中教材中与被动语态相关的句型有：

1.be covered with被……覆盖

2.be made of由……制作(发生物理变化) be made from由……制作(发生化学变化)

be made in由(某地)制造 be made by被(某人)制造

3.be used for被用来……

be used as被当作(作为)……来使用 be used to do sth.被用来做某事

4.It is said that...据说…… It is hoped that...希望……

It is well known that...众所周知……例如：

①—Your coat looks nice.Is it ______ cotton?[B]

—Yes.It's Shanghai.

A.made of;made by B.made of;made in

C.made for;made by D.made for;made in

② This machine is used ______ the room wet.[A]

A.for keeping B.as keeping C.keep D.to keeping

③ 据说在南京长江上又在建一座桥。

______ ______ ______ that ______ ______ is being ______ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing.

(填It is said;another bridge;built)