英语动词概说ppt

这个还真的没有可能要问任课老师索取下吧我这里手头有点，看看能帮上忙不？动词不定式一 概说 动词不定式是英语中非限定/非谓语动词的一种形式。非限定动词与限定动词不同。限定动词在句子当中用作谓语，受主语的人称、数的影响和限制。例如：1) I put my book down and I looked out of the window.2) Once a police officer was taking a thief to a city from a small town.3) I’ll go and get some water for you.4) You must wait right here.5) Have you ever seen the film?6) The film was directed by Zhang Yimou.7) She goes to school every day.8) They are too far away from us.非限定动词在句中不可以单独作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，但在句中可以做其他成分。 二、动词不定式的形式和性质 不定式有两种形式：一种是带to的不定式，一种是不带to的不定式（即通常所说的动词原形）。动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加上not --- not (to) do 。 三、动词不定式的功用 动词不定式在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等句子成分。一）可以作主语1) To see is to believe.2) To run in the morning is good for our health.3) It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.4) How long does it take you to get there?It takes us an hour to get there.5) How much did it cost you to send the package?It cost me 20 yuan to send the package.注意：动词不定式作主语时常用it作形式主语，而往往将动词不定式放在谓语或表语之后。如： It's not easy for them to learn a foreign language =To learn a foreign language is not easy. 学好一门外语不容易。在此句型中，如果要说明动词不定式的动作是谁做的，可在不定式前加一个for 引起的短语，作不定式的逻辑主语。如：1）It's difficult for us to finish the work. 2）It's easy for me to answer your question. 3) It’s very important for students to listen to teachers carefully in class.但是，如果表语是kind, nice, right, wrong, clever, polite, rude, good, bad 等描述行为者的性格、品质的形容词，则应在不定式前加一个of 引起的短语。如：这个例子属于上面的换一个of引起的。1) It's very kind of you to help me.你能帮我，真好。2) It’s very rude of her to say such words.注意: 1. of sb.和for sb.这两种结构还有一个区别，在of sb.结构中，可用sb.直接作句子的主语来改写成“It's＋形容词＋of sb.＋动词不定式”结构。试比较：It's foolish of him to go alone. (=He was foolish to go alone.) 他单独出去太傻了。It's kind of you to give me the book. (=You are kind to give me the book.) 你给我这本书，真是太好了。for sb.结构则不能这样转换。例如，不可以说：We are difficult to finish the work. 疑问代(副)词+动词不定式”也可以在句中作主语。如：1) How to control the water pollution is a big problem. 如何控制水污染是一个大问题。2) When to start the project remains undecided. 什么时候开始这项工程仍然没有决定。3) How to do it/what to do is a big problem for us.二）. 作宾语动词不定式作宾语.即不定式直接跟在谓语动词后,是谓语动词涉及的直接对象. 能直接带不定式作宾语的及物动词主要有: want, like, love, need , try, ask, learn, begin, start, forget, remember, hope, wish, agree, choose, fail, refuse, decide, afford, offer, continuemake sure, take turns, preferwould like, plan, hate, pretend, happen, expect 等.1) Danny wants to write a limerick for Li Ming.2) I liked to play basketball.3) He refused to answer my questions.4) I decided to write about nature.注意：上列所给出动词有些既可以跟to do作宾语，也可以跟doing作宾语，而且意义基本一致。如：like to do/doing, love to do/doing, hate to do/doing, start to do/doing, begin to do/doing, prefer to do/doing, continue to do/doing I like/prefer swimming in summer but this summer I like/prefer to stay at home. 但是在英语中，还有一些动词也是既可以跟to do，也可以跟doing，但是意义变化非常大。例如：stop to do/doing，forget to do/doing， remember to do/doing，go on to do/doing ，try to do/doing**另外，有时不定式宾语后面还带有补足语等其他成分时，常用it作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后。例如，在find／feel＋it＋adj．＋to do sth．句型中，it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。1) I found it easy to learn English.I found (that) it was easy to learn English.Did you find _____ easy to learn English? it , it is, it was2) I feel it natural to speak to a foreigner in English.I feel (that) it is natural to speak to foreigner in English三）. 作宾语补足语 宾语补足语放在宾语的后面，补充说明宾语在干什么能用动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有: ask sb (not) to do, tell, get, order , advise, would like, want, teach, allow, encourage, warn, wish.1) I tell him not to go there by bus ． 2) Edison's mother taught him to read and write．3) The old man asked us to visit his house last Sunday.3) Our teachers always encourage us to work hard.还有一类动词也可以跟动词不定式作宾语补足语，但是省略了动词不定式符号 to. 例如：let sb (not) do, make, help，have，see，hear，feel，watch， notice1) The boss makes them work 16 hours a day． 2) I heard her sing in the next room yesterday． 提示：若变成被动语态，在上述结构中，不定式符号to要加上。如： 1) They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss． 2) She was heard to sing in the next room． 四） 作定语 放在被修饰的名词、代词后面 1) I have a lot of work to do．2) The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy． 3) Poetry is a beautiful way to express feelings and thoughts.4) We need a park to play soccer.5) There is nothing to be worried about.6) He was the first person to think of the idea.7) She was the first woman in the Olympics to win both medals.提示：如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系，若动词是不及物动词，切记不要忘掉介词。如： 1）I have a small bedroom to live in. 2) Have you got some pens to write with？ 3) I need a friend to talk to.4) She is a nice person to work with/get on well with.五）. 动词不定式作状语: 即不定式直接跟在谓语动词后,仅对谓语动词起一个补充说明的作用.如果没有它,句子仍然意思完整,它不像作宾语那样,与谓语动词有着密切的关系.1）表示目的1）The doctor came to operate on her. 2) He has gone to town to do some shopping. 6) To learn English, Ms. Liu went to London. 4) He stopped to have a look.5) He rushed into the room to save the girl. 7) They moved away the stone to let the traffic go. *2表示结果: 1) The girl cried only to make her mother angry.3) They arrived late only to find the train had left.3表示程度: 1) She is too tired to walk any farther. 2) She is strong enough to carry the heavy box. 4表示原因: I was surprised to read the news. 提示：能带不定式作状语的形容词有: glad , happy , pleased , angry , clever , careful , surprised , lucky ,ready ,sorry, amazed , afraid ,sad , unhappy , sure , free ,kind, nice , worried , easy , hard 1）Glad to meet you. 2) He is sure to come.5) We are getting ready to have a long trip next Friday. 4) We are afraid to leave alone at night.6) The girl is not easy to get along with.7) Be careful not to catch a cold.六 作表语: My job is to teach English. His wish is to become a scientist.They are to fly to Wuhan this Sunday. 七. 动词不定式和疑问词连用.动词不定式可以和疑问词what, which , how , when , where ,who等连用,构成不定式短语,在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分.这时往往可以扩写成一个从句1) How to use the computer is a question.= How we use the computer is a question.2) I don’t know where to go for my holiday =I don’t know where I can go for my holiday.3) He can’t decide which book to choose.= He can’t decide which book he can choose. 4) I don’t know what I should do next=I don’t know what to do next.8) Tell me how to do it= Tell me how I should do it.八. 用在某些特定的结构中1) She was too young to understand that2) We had enough food to last a week.3) Let’s walk faster so as to catch the bus4) We went by car in order to save time练习：Tell the function of the infinitive in the following sentences(说出不定 式下列各句中的作用)1 .To learn grammar is not an easy thing.2.Uncle Tom decided to give Mary a bicycle3 .He wants everybody to be happy.4 .I like to walk along the sea-shore.I like you to work hard.5 .Let’s join them in the game•6.Nancy felt her heart beat with excitement.7 .I hope to see them again.8 .Your job is to dry the dishes.9. Mother went to town to do some shopping10 .I’11 teach you how to do the job.12 . She was glad to see us back.13 .The best thing is to say nothing.14 .We have come to help you.15 .Give me something to read.16 .It gave me great pleasure to see their happy faces.II .underline the object of the verbs in the following sentences(找出下列各句中的宾语)1 .They considered it better not to go.2 .She felt it her duty to take care of the children3 .I thought it unnecessary to argue with him.4 .He made it a rule only to speak English in class5 .He thinks it important to help his friends.6 .I find it hard to get on with her.