咖啡熊33
Body structure Jellyfish more than 95% of the body is water, the other is the structure of proteins and lipids jellyfish Into, so the jellyfish's body will show transparent, because the body of water with the rules. Jellyfish have three germ layers, the outermost is the epidermis (epidermis), the innermost is the stomach cortex (gastrodermis), constitute the cortex from the stomach cavity of a simple, and only one opening, both oral and excretory functions in the epidermis and between the stomach is in the cortex layer (mesoglea). An example to bowl jellyfish, jellyfish's body has several construction: Stomach Cortex that is formed by the gastric stomach, but also jellyfish digestive system, stomach cavity of gastric plumbing system (Gastrovascular cavity), there are many tentacles in the stomach like silk (Gastric filament), stomach, another thorn on the wire wire cell (Nematocyst), came to eat the bait can be anesthetized, and then release digestive juices to digest. Gonad is located in the stomach wall, also originated in the stomach cortex (Gastrodermis). Sense stick In the jellyfish has eight wings a sense of sharing the edge of the stick (Rhopalium), there is a balance within the cell, small eyes (Ocellus) and two sensory fossa (Sensory clubs), the water balance in the use of their physical and tactile, can be said is a jellyfish's sensory organs. Among them, the box jellyfish has 24 eyes, 360 ° of the visual senses. Tentacle The edge of the wing jellyfish there are many small tentacles, jellyfish touch mitral The front of the barbed hand cell, gill cells and attack the enemy to capture plankton. Cnidaria One of the front of the cell for the tentacles, also known as cnidarians coelenterates, refers to this, so how many are toxic jellyfish. Cnidarian is a fluid-filled sac, wrapped inside a hollow tube, the surface of the Cnidaria as a small needle puncture needle cells (Cindocil), as is the switch-like, when touched by the needle puncture when the cell, Cnidaria injection line immediately, these tubes will contain the assassination of venom biological paralysis. Box jellyfish toxins emitted the most poisonous toxins in the world, so far, incurable. Port wrist Extending from the center of jellyfish out of the wrist wing tilting, quantity and Weinang the same. There are many mouth wrist Cnidaria, in addition to prey, but also can be food into the mouth. Conservation of the bottom mouth of the wrist capsule, made of solid fertilized egg sac larvae will be attached to the conservation capsule. Mouthparts Wrist at the base of mouth, directly to the stomach cavity. To eat into the food, but also has the function of excretion. Ray tubes Radiating from the stomach tube to the extension wing of jellyfish, can be digested in the body of nutrients and oxygen circulation, a vascular-like features.
摄氏三十八度
做好雅思的阅读题除了掌握对的 方法 ，也离不开我们日常的辛勤练习，下面我给大家带来雅思阅读动 植物类 真题及答案：The Pearl，一起加油吧！
雅思阅读动植物类真题：The Pearl
The Pearl
A
Throughout history, pearls have held a unique presence within the wealthy
and powerful. For instance, the pearl was the favored gem of the wealthy
during the Roman Empire. This gift from the sea had been brought back from
the orient by the Roman conquests. Roman women wore pearls to bed so
they could be reminded of their wealth immediately upon waking up. Before
jewelers learned to cut gems, the pearl was of greater value than the diamond.
In the Orient and Persia Empire, pearls were ground into powders to cure
anything from heart disease to epilepsy, with possible aphrodisiac uses as well.
Pearls were once considered an exclusive privilege for royalty. A law in 1612
drawn up by the Duke of Saxony prohibited the wearing of pearls by nobility,
professors, doctors or their wives in an effort to further distinguish royal
appearance. American Indians also used freshwater pearls from the Mississippi
River as decorations and jewelry.
B
There are essentially three types of pearls: natural, cultured and imitation. A
natural pearl (often called an Oriental pearl) forms when an irritant, such as
a piece of sand, works its way into a particular species of oyster, mussel, or
clam. As a defense mechanism, the mollusk secretes a fluid to coat the irritant.
Layer upon layer of this coating is deposited on the irritant until a lustrous
pearl is formed.
C
The only difference natural pearls and cultured pearls is that the irritant is
a surgically implanted bead or piece of shell called Mother of Pearl. Often,
these shells are ground oyster shells that are worth
significant amounts of money in their own right as
irritant-catalysts for quality pearls. The resulting
core is, much larger than in a natural pearl. Yet,
as long as there are enough layers of nacre (the
secreted fluid covering the irritant) to result in a
beautiful, gem-quality pearl, the size of the nucleus
is of no consequence to beauty or durability.
D
Pearls can come from either salt or freshwater sources. Typically, saltwater
pearls tend to be higher quality, although there are several types of freshwater
pearls that are considered high in quality as well. Freshwater pearls tend to
be very irregular in shape, with a puffed rice appearance the most prevalent.
Nevertheless, it is each individual pearls merits that determines value more
than the source of the pearl. Saltwater pearl oysters are usually cultivated in
protected lagoons or volcanic atolls. However, most freshwater cultured pearls
sold today come from China. Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a
tissue implant. A tiny piece of mantle tissue from a donor shell is transplanted
into a recipient shell. This graft will form a pearl sac and the tissue will
precipitate calcium carbonate into this pocket. There are a number of options
for producing cultured pearls: use freshwater or seawater shells, transplant
the graft into the mantle or into the gonad, add a spherical bead or do it nonbeaded.
The majority of saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads.
E
Regardless of the method used to acquire a pearl, the process usually takes
several years. Mussels must reach a mature age, which can take up t0 3 years,
and then be implanted or naturally receive an irritant. Once the irritant is
in place, it can take up to another 3 years for the pearl to reach its full size.
Often, the irritant may be rejected, the pearl will be terrifically misshapen, or
the oyster may simply die from disease or
countless other complications. By the end
of a 5 t0 10 year cycle, only 50% of the
oysters will have survived. And of the pearls
produced, only approximately 5% are of
substantial quality for top jewelry makers.
From the outset, a pearl fanner can figure
on spending over $100 for every oyster
that is farmed, of which many will produce
nothing or die.
F
Imitation pearls are a different story
altogether. In most cases, a glass bead is
dipped into a solution made from fish
scales. This coating is thin and may
eventually wear off. One can usually
tell an imitation by biting on it. Fake
pearls glide across your teeth, while the
layers of nacre on real pearls feel gritty.
The Island of Mallorca (in Spain) is known for its imitation pearl industry.
Quality natural pearls are very rare jewels. The actual value of a natural pearl
is determined in the same way as it would be for other “precious” gems.
The valuation factors include size, shape, color, quality of surface, orient
and luster. In general, cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls,
whereas imitation pearls almost have no value. One way that jewelers can
determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gem lab perform
an x-ray of the pearl. If the x-ray reveals a nucleus, the pearl is likely a beadnucleated
saltwater pearl. If no nucleus is present, but irregular and small dark
inner spots indicating a cavity are visible, combined with concentric rings of
organic substance, the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater. Cultured freshwater
pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous
pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl. Natural
pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and
decomposed. Although imitation pearls look the part, they do not have the
same weight or smoothness as real pearls, and their luster will also dim greatly.
Among cultured pearls, Akoya pearls from Japan are some of the most lustrous.
A good quality necklace of 40 Akoya pearls measuring 7mm in diameter sells
for about $1,500, while a super- high quality strand sells for about $4,500. Size
on the other hand, has to do with the age of the oyster that created the pearl (the
more mature oysters produce larger pearls) and the location in which the pearl
was cultured. The South Sea waters of Australia tend to produce the larger
pearls; probably because the water along the coast line is supplied with rich
nutrients from the ocean floor. Also, the type of mussel common to the area
seems to possess a predilection for producing comparatively large pearls.
G
Historically, the world’s best pearls came from the Persian Gulf, especially
around what is now Bahrain. The pearls of the Persian Gulf were natural
created and collected by breath-hold divers. The secret to the special luster of
Gulf pearls probably derived from the unique mixture of sweet and salt water
around the island. Unfortunately, the natural pearl industry of the Persian Gulf
ended abruptly in the early 1930’s with the discovery of large deposits of
oil. Those who once dove for pearls sought prosperity in the economic boom
ushered in by the oil industry. The water pollution resulting from spilled oil
and indiscriminate over-fishing of oysters essentially ruined the once pristine
pearl producing waters of the Gulf. Today, pearl diving is practiced only as
a hobby. Still, Bahrain remains one of the foremost trading centers for high
quality pearls. In fact, cultured pearls are banned from the Bahrain pearl
market, in an effort to preserve the location’s heritage. Nowadays, the largest
stock of natural pearls probably resides in India. Ironically, much of India’s
stock of natural pearls came originally from Bahrain. Unlike Bahrain, which
has essentially lost its pearl resource, traditional pearl fishing is still practiced
on a small scale in India.
雅思阅读真题答案解析——pearl珍珠
1 A
【原文参考依据-A】第2句话 the pearl was the favored gem of th wealthy during the Roman Empire.在罗马帝国时代，珍珠是深受富人喜爱的宝物。
2 E
【原文参考依据-E】第一句话Regardless of the method used to acquire a pearl,the process usually takes several years.不管用什么方法去获取珍珠，这个过程通常需要几年。所以对应题干中的difficulties.
3 F
4 C
【原文参考依据-c】第一句话The only difference natural pearls and cultured pearls is that the irrtant is a surfically implanted bead or piece of shell called Mother of Pearl.天然珍珠和人工养殖珍珠的唯一差别在于人工养殖珍珠的刺激物是一个通过外科手术植入的珠子或者小块的壳，被称作珍珠母。
5B
【原文参考依据-A】第四句话Roman women wore pearls to bed so they could be reminded of their wealth immediately upon waking up.罗马女人还戴着珍珠上床睡觉，这样她们一觉醒来看到珍珠的时候，马上就能看到自己是多么的富有。
6 J【原文参考依据-A】第6句话 In the orient and PersiaEmpire,pearls were ground into powders to cure anything from heart disease to epilepsy,with possible aphrodisiac as well.在亚洲和波斯特帝国，珍珠被磨成珍珠粉用来治疗从心脏病到癫痫的各种疾病。
7 K【原文参考依据-F】The Island of Mallorca (inSpain)is known for its imitation pearl industry.西班牙的马略卡岛以生产人造珍珠首饰而著名
8F【原文参考依据-F 】Among cultured pearls ,Akoya pearls from Japan are some of the most lustrous.产自日本的珍珠是所有人工养殖珍珠中光泽度最亮的一种。
9C【原文参考依据-F】 倒数第二句 The South Sea waters of Australia tend to produce the large pearls;probably because the water along the coast line is suppliced with rich nutrients from the ocean floor.产自澳大利亚的南海海域的珍珠个头一般更大。
10 D 【原文参考依据-G 末句】Unlike Bahrain,which has essentially lost its pearl resource ,traditional pearl fishing is still practiced on a small in India. 在印度，小规模的传统 潜水 收集珍珠作业仍然存在。
11 TRUE【原文参考依据-C 】第三句话The resulting core is,therefore,much larger than in a natural pearl.因此，人工养殖珍珠的内核比天然珍珠要大。
12 FALSE 【原文参考依据- F第10句话】In general,cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls, whereas imitation pearls almost have no value.总体来说，人工养殖珍珠的价值比不过天然珍珠，而人造珍珠就更没有价值可言了。题目中说养殖的珍珠和天然的珍珠价值是一样的 显然是错误的，所以答案是False.
13 TRUE 【原文参考依据- F 倒数第2句话】 he South Sea waters of Australia tend to produce the large pearls;probably because the water along the coast line is suppliced with rich nutrients from the ocean floor.产自澳大利亚的南海海域的珍珠个头一般更大。
14 NOT GIVEN
雅思阅读技巧之词汇+ 总结
雅思阅读技巧锦囊一：英语词库
所谓英语词库是英语对英语的词库而非是英语对汉语的词库。每个烤鸭都清楚雅思是国际性考试而非中国性质考试，单词背其中文意思在考试过程中是无效的，题目和 文章 都没有中文的出现。雅思阅读就是在全文中的找答案，可是你所用定位的词很多时候不会老老实实的坐在原文里等着你，这就需要你具备英语 同义词 的能力。
比如剑桥6的67页的list of headings 的 key point 2 的首句中managers should ensure that all employees have specific goals and receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals. 与之相对应的答案是establish targets and give feedback 同意词组为：have specific goals等于establish targets，receive comments on how well they are doing in those goals等于give feedback。
雅思阅读技巧锦囊二：ability to paraphrase
Paraphrase意思是用英文的 句子 或者段落来解释其英文的句子或者段落。对于外语系的孩子来讲这种能力的考试是家常便饭，也就造就了他们的理解能力比非外语系的同学们好很多。这种能力在雅思阅读考试中也是司空见惯的。
例如：剑桥6的43页的判断题10. Cities with high level of bicycles usage can be efficient even when public transport is only averagely good. 很多孩子看见only习惯性判为NO。因为太绝对了。实则不然，答案为YES。对应于原文中two most ‘bicycle friend’ cities considered—Amsterdam and Copenhagen—were very efficient, even though their public transport systems were ‘ reasonable but special.
切记：高分的取得不只是靠技巧，阅读能力的提升非常的重要
雅思阅读必备高分三技能
技能一：拥有扎实的词汇语法基础及背景知识
这里强调的其实是英文基础的重要性。考生想要在考试过程中游刃有余，没有一定的词汇量基本是没有办法达成的。当然我们在考试中可以通过上下文，转折词等等猜测生词的意思。但是，一旦生词量超过一定比例，势必会影响考生的理解。说到理解，在雅思考试中碰到长难句是常有的事情。那么扎实的语法基础也是考生正确理解文章意义的一个重要的必备素质。
除去扎实的词汇语法基础之外，丰富的背景知识也是一名高分考生所必须的。雅思阅读考试人文社科类和自然科学类当中有众多小分支话题，涉及天文、地理、生物、地质、语言学、发展史等等众多领域。为了保证考试时的阅读效率及答题的正确性，考生需要在平时多多查阅相关资料，了解各类文章背景。
技能二：熟悉题型的做题思路和技巧和出题角度
雅思阅读考试的题型多种多样，有细节题，有主旨题，有考察整体理解的题型，也有考察辨别信息能力的题型。
因此，建议想要取得高分的学员，在掌握每种题型的解题技巧的同时，还需要研究的是考试的出题角度，仔细研究各种题型考察的是何种能力。然后有针对性的去锻炼这方面的能力。14年的雅思阅读考试中，所占比重最大的几类题型为细节 配对 题、是非无判断题、选择题。之前常考的 List of headings对在去年的考试中所占比例并不大。14年几乎每场考试都有细节配对题出现，那么其实可以反映出雅思考试更加注重考生的细节定位能力以及对于材料的理解能力。
技能三：充分到位的精读和模拟训练是必不可少的
精读是提高分数的唯一法宝。精读的方法是：
用一小时完整的做一个Test三篇文章，然后一篇文章一篇文章的开始精读。
查出每篇文章的所有生词，并要求认知。接着分析文章所有的长难句，翻译整篇文章。
把所有题的出题点在文章里标出来。我们要非常清楚对是为什么对，错是为什么错。精读可以提高同学们的词汇、长难句分析能力以及对整篇文章做题思路的理解。
模拟训练可以提高考生两方面的能力：一是考试答题顺序的安排。二是考试时间的合理分配。
首先是答题顺序的安排。考生并不用完全按照考试文章的顺序来答题。完全可以通过对于标题的浏览来确定文章大意。然后根据自己的熟悉程度来选择文章的先后顺序。
另外，在确定了文章的先后顺序之后，题目的先后顺序其实也是需要进行合理安排的。比如14年很流行的段落细节配对题，虽然经常出现在文章很靠前的位置，但是，无论什么样的位置出现，这种题型都应该放在最后来解决。除了答题顺序之外，考试时间的精确掌控也是考生是否能够取得高分的一个重要因素。雅思阅读考试是个精泛读结合过程，不是所有的文字都需要进行精读的，恰恰那些基础很好有能力有机会考到高分的考生，往往会犯全篇通读的错误，导致最后答题时间不够，没能完成所有的题目而不能取得满意的成绩。
保存并继续
另外要提醒考生注意的是，在平常的模拟考试中就养成是用答题卡的习惯，这样才不至于在考试的时候因为时间不够而出现答题卡不能填写完全的情况。相信很多次的模拟练习之后，考生一定有能力在考试时，用最合理的时间分配进行最佳顺序的答题，最终取得高分成绩。
聪明糊涂心yy
A told B a story, which made B think that her shoes were made of jerryfish, an animal hated by her. Consequantly, B threw her shoes away, and her mother picked them back, but B still wouldn't wear them. She ran to the seaside and found those jerryfish in the seawater were very beautiful, so she fell in love with the jerryfish and decided to save them. Thus she sent her shoes in to deep sea, a place she thought where they belonged.
susyweswes
Laura has a pair of new jelly shoes,and she likes it very much.She hate jellyfish because she thinks they will sting peopel.Then her brother tells her that her jelly shoes are made of jellyfish,and Laura throw her shoes away.But then she change her mind and save baby jellyfish.At last,she think she should let her shoes go to the deep sea where they belonged to.
洋洋捌月
运动系统locomotor system、神经系统nervous system、内分泌系统hormonal system、循环系统circulatory system、呼吸系统respiratory system、消化系统digestive system、泌尿系统urinary system、生殖系统reproductive system。
一、运动系统
由骨、关节和肌肉组成，约占成人体重的60%。全身各骨借关节相连形成骨骼，起支持体重、保护内脏和维持人体基本形态的作用。
骨骼肌附着于骨，在神经系统支配下收缩和舒张，收缩时，以关节为支点牵引骨改变位置，产生运动。骨和关节是运动系统的被动部分，骨骼肌是运动系统的主动部分。
It consists of bones, joints and muscles, accounting for about 60% of adult body weight. Bones and joints of the whole body are connected to form bones, which can support weight, protect viscera and maintain the basic shape of the human body.
Skeletal muscle adheres to bone, contracting and relaxing under the control of nervous system. When contracting, the joint is used as the fulcrum to pull the bone to change its position and produce movement.
Bone and joint are the passive parts of the motor system, while skeletal muscle is the active part of the motor system.
二、神经系统
神经系统是人体内起主导作用的系统。内、外环境的各种信息，由感受器接受后，通过周围神经传递到脑和脊髓的各级中枢进行整合，再经周围神经控制和调节机体各系统器官的活动，以维持机体与内、外界环境的相对平衡。
神经系统是由脑、脊髓、脑神经、脊神经、和植物性神经，以及各种神经节组成。能协调体内各器官、各系统的活动，使之成为完整的一体，并与外界环境发生相互作用。
The nervous system is the dominant system in the human body. All kinds of information in the internal and external environment are received by the receptor, integrated through the peripheral nerve to all levels of the brain and spinal cord.
and then controlled and regulated by the peripheral nerve to maintain the relative balance between the body and the internal and external environment.
The nervous system is composed of brain, spinal cord, brain nerve, spinal nerve, vegetative nerve and various ganglia. It can coordinate the activities of organs and systems in the body, make them a whole body, and interact with the external environment.
三、内分泌系统
内分泌腺是人体内一些无输出导管的腺体。它的分泌物称激素。对整个机体的生长、发育、代谢和生殖起着调节作用。
人体主要的内分泌腺有：下丘脑、垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺、胰岛、胸腺和性腺等。
Endocrine glands are some glands without output ducts in human body. Its secretion is called hormone. It regulates the growth, development, metabolism and reproduction of the whole body.
The main endocrine glands are hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, islet, thymus and gonad.
四、循环系统
血液循环系统是生物体的体液（包括细胞内液、血浆、淋巴和组织液）及其借以循环流动的管道组成的系统。从动物形成心脏以后血液循环系统分为心脏和血管两大部分，叫做心血管系统。
循环系统是生物体内的运输系统，它将消化道吸收的营养物质和由鳃或肺吸进的氧输送到各组织器官并将各组织器官的代谢产物通过同样的途径输入血液，经肺、肾排出体外。
The blood circulation system is a system of body fluids (including intracellular fluids, plasma, lymph and tissue fluids) and the pipes through which they circulate.
The blood circulation system is divided into two parts, the heart and the blood vessel, which is called the cardiovascular system. Circulation system is the transportation system in organisms.
It transports nutrients absorbed by digestive tract and oxygen absorbed by gill or lung to various tissues and organs, and transfuses metabolites of various tissues and organs into blood through the same way, and discharges them through lung and kidney.
五、呼吸系统
呼吸系统包括呼吸道（鼻腔、咽、喉、气管、支气管）和肺。
动物体在新陈代谢过程中要不断消耗氧气，产生二氧化碳。机体与外界环境进行气体交换的过程称为呼吸。气体交换地有两处，一处是由外界与呼吸器官（如肺、腮）的气体交换，称肺呼吸或腮呼吸（或外呼吸）；另一处由血液和组织液与机体组织、细胞之间进行气体交换（称内呼吸）。
The respiratory system includes the respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus) and lungs.
Animals need to consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide in the process of metabolism. The process of gas exchange between organism and environment is called breathing.
There are two places for gas exchange, one is the exchange of gas between the outside and respiratory organs (such as lung and parotid), called pulmonary or parotid breathing (or external breathing).
the other is the exchange of gas between blood and tissue fluid and organism tissues and cells (called internal breathing).
六、消化系统
人体内与消化摄食有关的器官包括：口腔、咽、食道、胃、小肠、大肠、肛门、以及唾液腺、胃腺、肠腺、胰腺、肝脏等，因此称它们为消化器官。这些消化器官协同工作，共同完成对食物的消化和对营养物质的吸收。所有的消化器官的总和称为消化系统。
The organs related to digestion and feeding in human body include oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, salivary gland, gastric gland, intestinal gland, pancreas and liver, so they are called digestive organs.
These digestive organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients. The sum of all digestive organs is called the digestive system.
七、泌尿系统
泌尿系统由肾、输尿管、膀胱及尿道组成。其主要功能为排泄。排泄是指机体代谢过程中所产生的各种不为机体所利用或者有害的物质向体外输送的生理过程。
被排出的物质一部分是营养物质的代谢产物；另一部分是衰老的细胞破坏时所形成的产物。此外，排泄物中还包括一些随食物摄入的多余物质，如多余的水和无机盐类。
The urinary system consists of kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. Its main function is excretion.
Excretion refers to the physiological process in which all kinds of substances produced in the metabolic process of the body are not utilized by the body or are transported to the outside world by harmful substances.
The excreted substances are part of the metabolites of nutrients, and part of the products formed when aging cells are destroyed. In addition, excreta also contains some superfluous substances that are ingested with food, such as superfluous water and inorganic salts.
八、生殖系统
生殖系统是生物体内的和生殖密切相关的器官成分的总称。生殖系统的功能是产生生殖细胞，繁殖新个体，分泌性激素和维持第二性征。人体生殖系统有男性和女性两类。按生殖器所在部位，又分为内生殖器和外生殖器两部分。
Reproductive system is a general term for organ components closely related to reproduction in organisms.
The function of the reproductive system is to produce germ cells, reproduce new individuals, secrete sex hormones and maintain secondary sexual characteristics.
There are two types of human reproductive system: male and female. According to the location of genitalia, it can be divided into two parts: internal genitalia and external genitalia.
参考资料来源：百度百科－人体八大系统
