海诺地暖
英文摘要是科学家在现代科技交流中高速地输入和输出信息的重要手段。本文讨论了优秀英文摘要的基本要素，包括文摘的功能，文摘的种类，文摘的内容和文摘的风格。同时提供了简明的英文摘要写作指南。
文摘是长篇文献的缩影，它置于论文、技术报告、专论、和其他文献之前，概括总结和突出文献的要点．在科技文献急骤增加的信息时代，各种文献杂志和检索系统情报库应运而生，种类越来越多，覆盖面越来越广，信息量越来越大。文摘已成为科技人员输人和输出信息的重要手段，成为科学交流中传递科技情报的重要方式．为了促进国际交流，各国科技出版物都附有英文摘要．本文拟从英文摘要的功能、种类、内容和文体风格等方面对英文摘要的写法进行探讨。
学术论文英文摘要写作要点
理想的文摘通常应包括以下主要内容：目的和范围、方法和过程、结果和结论。
一般的英文摘要为 200 词左右的一段文章，用标准的英语、规范的语法和完整的句子，简明扼要地陈述一次文献的目的、方法、结果和结论。文摘自身要完整，可以不依附于一次文献而独立存在。它应尽可能多地包含一次文献的信息，最好能保持一次文献的基调和风格，但不能出现一次文献里没有的东西。由于篇幅的限制，文摘不宜列举例证，不宜引用他人的作品，不宜使用插图和表格。为了提高可读性 (readability)，文摘中应尽量少用或不用非标准的缩写词及符号，方程式和分子式，不宜过多地运用太专业化的术语。好的文摘应是：信息准确，文字精炼，连贯流畅，逻辑性强，通俗易懂，引人人胜。
1. 文摘的开头
文摘关系到读者是否阅读文献全文，文摘的开头多种多样。下面这两种方法是比较好的，用得比较普遍。
(1) 用陈述目的和范围的主题句开始。这种方法开门见山，直截了当，使读者一下就抓住文摘的中心。如：
(2) 在回顾历史或总结现状的基础上提出问题。引出文献的主题。这种方法逻辑性强，丝丝入扣，使读者产生一种非一口气读完，找到解决问题的方法方肯罢休的强烈愿望。如：
2. 文摘的结尾
文摘的结尾如同文摘的开头一样，给人以深刻的印象。文摘的结尾方法多种多样，但下面两种方法使用得比较经常。
(1) 用「结论」结尾。如果是源于实验的论文文摘，常在结尾指出这些实验结果表明什么；如果论文是关于一种新方法、新工艺或新装置，结尾时可指明其用途或价值。如：
(2) 指出文献中的其他内容。
3. 文摘的人称
绝大多数英文摘要都使用第三人称(但不使用 he 和 she)，间或出现 the author(s)，the writer(s) 和第一人称 we，即使原文献作者只有 1 人，也宜用「we」而不宜用「I」。请看下面这篇文摘，作者是 Ahmed E. Kamal.
4. 文摘的语态
目前各国出版的英文摘要中，相当一部分用被动语态写成，以减少主观因素，增强客观性。如：
5. 文摘中的缩写词
由于篇幅原因，在学术论文英文摘要中广泛使用缩写词，其使用频率远远超出其他类型的文献。
英文摘要写作要素
准备简明、完整、独立的文摘
简要地陈述文献的目的、方法、结果和结论
在有限的篇幅里尽量多容纳文献的内容
文摘中定量定性信息应与文献中的相符
使用标准英语和准确术语，遵循传统语法和标点规则
不要在文摘里出现文献里没有的东西
不要在文摘中陈述背景知识和引用他人作品
不用非标准的缩写词、符号，也不用图表和其他非文字性材料
当不太熟悉的缩写词第一次出现时，应注出全文
删去不必要的单词、短语和句子
小雨叫主子
英语摘要的写作
摘要(summary)是一种对原始文献(或文章)的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。下面谈谈如何写好英文摘要。
1)细读原文。首先要仔细阅读全篇作品，然后对作品进行整体分析，掌握原文总的意思和结构，明确全文的主题(the maintheme)和各段的段落大意(the main idea)。
2)弄清要求。搞清楚是写全文概要，还是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3)列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4)草拟写作提纲并写出初稿。将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿。在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
(1)摘要应包括原文中的主要事实(main facts);略去不必要的细节(unnecessary details)。
(2)安排好篇幅的比例。摘要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
(3)注意段落的'连贯和句子的衔接。要用适当的转折词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子。
(4)尽可能用自己的话来写，但不排斥用原文的某些词句。
(5)计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。
请阅读下面这篇约500词的原文。并要求写出约150词的摘要。
How New York Became America's Largest City
In the 18th century New York was smaller than Philadelphia and Boston.Today it is the largest city in America.How can the change in its size and importance be explained?
To answer this question we must consider certain facts about geography， history，and economics.Together these three will explain the huge growth of America's most famous city.
The map of the Northeast shows that four of the most heavily populated areas in this region are around seaports.At these points materials from across the sea enter the United States， and the product of the land are sent there for export across the sea.
Economists know that places where transportation lines meet are good places for making raw materials into finished goods.That is why seaports often have cities nearby.But cities like New York needed more than their geographical location in order to become great industrial centers.Their development did not happen simply by chance.
About 1815，when many Americans from the east coast had already moved toward the west，trade routes from the ports to the central regions of the country began to be a serious problem. The slow wagons of that time，drawn by horses or oxen，were too expensive for moving heavy freight very far. Americans had long admired Europe's canals.In New York State a canal seemed the best solution to the transportation problem.From the eastern end of Lake Erie all the way across the state to the Hudson River there is a long strip of low land.Here the Erie Canal was constructed. After several years of work it was completed in 1825.
The canal produced an immediate effect.Freight costs were cut to about one-tenth of what had been.New York City，which had been smaller than Philadelphia and Boston， quickly became the leading city of the coast.In the years that followed， transportation routes on the Great Lakes were joined to routes on the Mississippi River.Then New York City became the end point of a great inland shipping system that extended from the Atlantic Ocean far up the western branches of the Mississippi.
The coming of the railroads made canal shipping less important，but it tied New York even more closely to the central regions of the country.It was easier for people in the central states to ship their goods to New York for export overseas.
Exports from New York were greater than imports.Consequently，shipping companies were eager to fill their ships with passengers on the return trip from Europe.Passengers could come from Europe very cheaply as a result.
Thus New York became the greatest port for receiving people from European countries. Many of these people remained in the city.Others stayed in New York for a few weeks，months，or years，and then moved to other parts of the United States.For these great number of new Americans New York had to provide homes， goods， and services.Their labor helped the city be come great. (498 words)
Here is the summary of above passage.
How New York Became America's Largest City
New York was once smaller than Philadelphia and Boston，but now it is America's largest city because of geography，history and economics.
New York was located at the seaport where materials were imported to the US and the products of the US were sent abroadacross the sea.The city was further developed when the Erie Canal was completed in 1825.This linked Lake Erie to New York via the Hudson River and the cost of transporting goods to those who had settled inland was cut down.In addition， the Great Lakes were soon linked to the Mississippi.Later，railroads tied New York closer to the central states，whose goods were exported via New York.Fewer goods were imported，so cheap passages were available from Europe.New York became the main port for receiving Europeans，many of whom stayed in the city and helped it become great.(150 words)
初稿完成后要检查修改。看主要内容是否已包含进去，内容是否前后连贯，是否存在语法、拼写、标点符号等方面的错误。另外，在表达方式上要求直截了当、开门见山，不要拖泥带水、迂回曲折。在修改时要注意下面几个具体问题。
(1)省略。用来说明要点的细节可省略，可去掉修饰性的描述。摘要的特点是质朴、简洁、扼要，因此没有必要采用修辞手法润饰文章中的人或物。
(2)缩减。如果原文中使用好几个句子来说明某一问题或解释事理，在摘要中只保留一个就可以了。
(3)替代。在摘要中要使用最简短的承接语，如用but替代较长的表达方式 on the other hand，用 suddenly替代 all of a sudden，用 finally替代 at last等。
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