劳动力供给英语

一、西方经济学微观部分中的英文字母缩写含义如下：

AC：平均总成本

AFC：平均不变成本

AP：平均产量

AR：平均收益

AVC：平均可变成本

C：成本

CS:消费者剩余

D：需求

e：弹性

ed：需求的价格弹性

es：供给的价格弹性

exy:需求的交叉价格弹性

E：均衡（或期望）

K：资本

L：劳动力

LAC：长期平均成本

LMC：长期边际成本

LTC：长期总成本

MC：边际成本

MFC：边际要素成本

MP:边际产量

MR：边际收益

MRP：边际收益产品

MRS：商品的边际替代率

MRTS:边际技术替代率

MU：边际效用

P：价格

PEP：价格扩展线

PS：生产者剩余

Q：数量

r：利率

S：供给

SAC：短期平均成本

SMC：短期边际成本

STC：短期总成本

TC：总成本

TFC：总不变成本

TP:总产量

TR：总收益

TU：总效用

TVC：总可变成本

U：效用

VMP：边际产品价值

W：劳动价格

二、微观经济学以单个经济单位为研究对象，通过研究单个经济单位的经济行为和相应的经济变量单项数值的决定，来说明价格机制如何解决社会的资源配置问题。

扩展资料：

作为市场经济运行的总结，西方经济学不能完全脱离市场的实践，正是这一原因，虽然西方经济理论体系或整体倾向性具有非科学的成分，但是它的经验总

结方面的部分内容并不完全脱离实践，其中有些地方是和实践相一致的。这些理论体系以及与实践相联系的总结部分显然对我国的社会主义市场经济具有参考的价值。

更加具体的说：西方经济学中的部分观点、概念和方法值得我国加以借鉴。

参考资料来源：百度百科   ——西方经济学（经济学）

In order to fit for the compertition in this time of mini-benifit, every corporation hopes to low down the manufact cost to satisfice the request of the client.It is one of the critical elements to evaluate that if a company is powerful competition or not for the Production Department to think about that how to reduce the cost, how to improve the efficiency, how to improve the quantity and also how to avoid the waste.Control the cost by according to The rule of Capital Transfer The formula of the component of the goods is W=C+V+M. C stands for CONSTANT CAPITAL, V is for VARIABLE CAPITAL and M is MAXS. According to the idea of Input and Output, C+V is the part that we input and M is the output.We could make the C+V as the denominator and M as the numerator and as all of us know about that we could get a better benifit by comparing of the Input-Output if the M is as big as it could be and at the same time the C+V is as small as it could be. Otherwise, the benifit that we could get will become worse. So, it is the critical problem that how to control the cost in the Input-Output. In the C+V, C shows for the constant capital for buying the production materials such as the machine and others. And it is an important component in the value of goods. By controlling the cost, we should special pay our attention to purchase for the same produced material, the price of the machines and also needs to note if there are some other machine could be much more cheap but the same quantity. If we could copare several vendors' production(s) when we do the purchse,it would help us to purchase for the production that have the same quantity and lower price and if so it will not only improve the competition of our own production but also could control the cost effectively,especially in the market economy and competition nowadays.The V is the price that should pay to the labor. The own value of labor are composed of three parts, one is the charge for the labor, second is the money to take care of the labor's family anf the last part is the fee to train the labor. The payment for the labor are different for the different economy in different contries. But there is a same point. That is the trainning fee for the labor's skill is more and more important and there are more and more simple works are taken place by the complex work.In the action of controlling the cost, the V is a critical element, because the level of cost is related with the level of V.But it is impossible to low down the V for no limitation.The reducing of the V is limited, and the limitation is that the price are accepted by both the job provider and the job seeker. And if the V is lower than this kind of price, and it is difficult for the corporation to get a qualified worker.It is neccesary for any corporation to control the cost,but there is a limitation no matter in which kind of cost. And the limitation is a certain level which could be acceppted by the cost.The corporation could get the highest output comparing with the lowest input if the corporation could keep the cost at such kind of level. It is contrary to the objective law if the cost lower than this level and it will also affect the economic benefit of corporation directly.There are also some of the floating capitals which are used for the wage and the bonus to the salesman.And it is different in the bonus parts.After the reform of the economic system, the incentive mechanism is created for the staff in each of the corporations to award the salesman who creates a better value for corporation.And it is a main action and one of the effective shortcuts for the corporation to keep the competent people by distinguishing different income brackets with the different bonus.The wage and the bonus to the salesman is a comparing important part in the corporation's cost.There are some features in the corporation's capital in the component of the total capital for the corporation. They are more debt vs lower equity capital, more liquid capital vs lower fixed capital and the more short-term loan vs lower long-term loan.In a word, the corporation cost could be lowed down and the benefit could be improved by controlling the cost of corporation.终于完成了翻译，希望能帮到楼主吧，纯人工翻译的，可能有些地方还不是很成熟的翻译，不过体谅下哈，这么多内容下来，头脑也有点晕乎晕乎滴。

一、西方经济学微观部分中的英文字母缩写含义如下：

二、微观经济学以单个经济单位为研究对象，通过研究单个经济单位的经济行为和相应的经济变量单项数值的决定，来说明价格机制如何解决社会的资源配置问题。

Each enterprise are expected to reduce the production cost to meet customer demand, and to meet the fierce competition in the now-defunct era. Manufacturing departments to reduce cost, improve production efficiency, improve quality and to eliminate waste measured as the enterprise whether it has the important criteria of competitive advantage. According to the capital movement rules cost control Commodity value structure is a w = c + v + m, c is on, v is of variable are, m is maxs According to the input and output, the concept of c + v is input part, m is output part, c + v can be used as the denominator, m is molecules, molecular, the greater the denominator smaller, input-output efficiency is better, conversely, input-output efficiency is poorer. Therefore, how to control costs, become input-output of a key question. In c + v, c refers to buy production material machine equipment, constant capital is an important part of commodity value in control of cost, should pay special attention to buy similar production material, equipment, notice whether the price cheap product, especially under the market economy condition, the competition mechanism function, if purchasing goods compares 3, to buy homogeneous choices raw materials, machinery equipment, not only can make our products gain competitive power, and can effectively control the cost. V is pays worker price. Laborer itself value consists of three parts, it is to maintain him laborer fee, 2 it is to keep family expenses, three workers is to laborer skills training costs. In different countries, because of the economic level difference, the labor price have different level. But having a bit is common in labor value, laborer skills training expenses and the proportion of the widening, and more and more simple Labour by complex except instead.In the control of cost, v is an important factor, v directly and cost level concerned. But, v is impossible to endless collection is reduced, v of the lower limit, the floor is in the similar labor market, labor supply and labor home-textile can accept prices, lower than the price, the enterprise cannot find qualified labourers. Any enterprise control cost is necessary, but any costs have a floor, the floor is its reasonable level, keep on this level, with the smallest input enterprise can get the maximum output, below the level is contrary to the objective law, but above this level, and will directly influence the economic efficiency of enterprises. As part of current capital, is used to pay a solicitor's salaries and bonuses, while money part difference was very large economic system reform, every company has formulated to the worker's incentive mechanism, rewards creates value of a salesman, and the prize money discretion as a major means of open income bracket and enterprise one of the effective ways to retain talent. Enterprise cost, pay salary and bonus is salesman cost quite important component. From its total capital composition look, enterprise capital composition existence "three majority", namely, debt equity capital less, mobile capital more, fixed capital less, short-term loans, long-term loans less. Anyhow, effectively control the cost of enterprise, the enterprise will reduce the cost and profit will improve.

人力资源管理 Human Resources Management人力资源规划 Human Resources Planning企业组织信息的采集与处理 Enterprise information acquisition and processing组织结构图 Organization chart工作岗位调查 Survey work企业员工与工时统计 Employees working hours and Statistics企业劳动定额管理 Labor quota management人力资源费用预算与核算 Human resources and budget accounting招聘与配置 Recruitment and deployment培训与开发 Training and Development绩效管理 ance Management绩效考核 Performance Assessment薪酬管理 Management salaries薪酬福利 Salaries and benefits劳动关系管理 Labor Management Relations职业生涯规划 Career Planning

国债:the funds ; 企业债: debenture

人力资源相关术语的英语说法具体如下：职位空缺：vacancy/open/opening，职位空缺是指在统计日期正悬空并须要立刻填补,而机构单位亦正积极进行招聘以填补的职位空缺。人力资源需求：personal need/demand，指为了实现企业的发展规划，而需要雇用的员工数量和质量。对人力资源的需求产生于企业发展的需要，为企业的目标、战略服务。人力资源供给：personal supply，是指整个社会的劳动力供给，包括各地区、各行业的各种类型的劳动力供给。 狭义的供给，可以分为一个企业的人力资源供给，一个行业的人力资源供给，或一个地区的人力资源供给。人力储备：personel inventory，即为了企业的长远发展战略，在准确把握企业的战略目标和人力资源规划后，通过对人才从层次、数量、结构上进行设计优化，并实行长期性、持久性、针对性的人才库存与培养，从而保证企业人才能够满足企业长远发展目标需求的人力资源策略。校园招聘：college recruiting，是一种特殊的外部招聘途径。狭义是指招聘组织（企业等）直接从学校招聘各类各层次应届毕业生。广义是指招聘组织（企业等）通过各种方式招聘各类各层次应届毕业生。猎头公司：head hunter，在国外，这是一种十分流行的人才招聘方式，香港和台湾方面把它翻译为“猎头”，所以引进大陆后我们也称之为猎头，意思即指“网罗高级人才”。高级人才委托招聘业务，又被称之为猎头服务或人才寻访服务。专门从事中高级人才中介公司，又往往被称之为猎头公司。推荐：referral，介绍，建议最好去选择你看中的答案，推举。甄选：selection，甄别选择。在审查鉴别（真假优劣）之后选择，强调选择性和自主性。面试：interview，是一种经过组织者精心设计，在特定场景下，以考官对考生的面对面交谈与观察为主要手段，由表及里测评考生的知识、能力、经验等有关素质的考试活动。情景面试：situational interview，又叫情景模拟面试或情景性面试等，是面试的一种类型也是目前最流行的面试方法之一。在情景性面试中，面试题目主要是一些情景性的问题，即给定一个情景，看应聘者在特定的情景中是如何反应的。在经验性面试中，主要是问一些与应聘者过去的工作经验有关的问题。 情境模拟面试的理论依据是动机理论中的目标设置理论。行为面试：behavioral interview，是一种能有效排除个人的主观因素，以行为依据、以目标为导向的有效选才工具。行为面试通过面试者的行为描述来判断其背后的品行、思想，准确几率较一般的面试方法要高。通过行为面试，能了解到应聘者的品行是否与岗位要求吻合，深入探索应聘者的动机和兴趣点。压力面试：stress intervew，是指有意制造紧张，以了解求职者将如何面对工作压力。面试人通过提出生硬的、不礼貌的问题故意使候选人感到不舒服，针对某一事项或问题做一连串的发问，打破沙锅问到底，直至无法回答。其目的是确定求职者对压力的承受能力、在压力前的应变能力和人际关系能力。小组面试：panel interview，俗称“群面”，比较科学的说法是叫做“无领导小组讨论”。它是评价中心技术中经常使用的一种测评技术，采用情景模拟的方式对考生进行集体面试。它由一组应试者组成一个临时工作小组，讨论给定的问题，并做出决策，由于这个小组是临时拼凑的，并不指定谁是负责人，目的就在于考察应试者的表现，尤其是看谁会从中脱颖而出，成为自发的领导者。集体面试：mass interview，指在进行应聘面试时，面试的双方，一方是由多个人组成的考官，另一方是众多的应聘者，两者通过提问对话的方式，进行对应聘者自身能力即交流应变各个方面的考察，当场比较优劣。录用：admission/hire/employ，录取任用;通常以雇佣关系的形式存在。