！首席12333
Use of Cloning Technology to Clone a Human Being As a consequence of scientific and biotechnological progress during the past decades, new biological therapies involving somatic cells and genetic material are being investigated. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) described existing legal authorities governing a new class of human somatic cell therapy products and gene therapy products in an October 14, 1993 Federal Register Notice. On February 23, 1997, the public learned that Ian Wilmut, a Scottish scientist, and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute successfully used a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) to create a clone of a sheep; the cloned sheep was named Dolly. SCNT involves transferring the nucleus of an adult sheep somatic cell, into a sheep egg from which the nucleus had been removed. After nearly 300 attempts, the cloned sheep known as Dolly was born to a surrogate sheep mother. SCNT is not reproduction since a sperm cannot be used with the technique, but rather it is an extension of technology used not only in research but also used to produce medically relevant cellular products such as cartilage cells for knees, as well as gene therapy products. On February 28, 1997, FDA announced a comprehensive plan for the regulation of cell and tissue based therapies that incorporated the legal authorities described in FDA's 1993 guidance Proposed Approach to Regulation of Cellular and Tissue-Based Products On March 7, 1997 then President Clinton issued a memorandum that stated: "Recent accounts of advances in cloning technology, including the first successful cloning of an adult sheep, raise important questions. They potentially represent enormous scientific breakthroughs that could offer benefits in such areas as medicine and agriculture. But the new technology also raises profound ethical issues, particularly with respect to its possible use to clone humans." (Prohibitions on Federal Funding for Cloning of Human Beings) The memorandum explicitly prohibited Federal Funding for cloning of a human being, and also directed the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) to thoroughly review the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of cloning technology to create a human being. "NBAC found that concerns relating to the potential psychological harms to children and effects on the moral, religious, and cultural values of society merited further reflection and deliberation." The report, Ethical Issues in Human Stem Cell Research, September 1999, describes 5 recommendations. Somatic cell nuclear transfer holds great potential to someday create medically useful therapeutic products. FDA believes, however, that there are major unresolved questions pertaining to the use of cloning technology to clone a human being which must be seriously considered and resolved before the Agency would permit such investigation to proceed. The Agency sent a "Dear Colleague" letter which stated that creating a human being using cloning technology is subject to FDA regulation under the Public Health Service Act and the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act. This letter notified researchers that clinical research using SCNT to create a human being could precede only when an investigational new drug application (IND) is in effect. Sponsors are required to submit to FDA Recently, FDA sent letters to remind the research community that FDA jurisdiction over clinical research using cloning technology to create a human being, and to advise that FDA regulatory process is required in order to initial these investigations. (March 2001 letter - PDF, Text) On March 28, 2001, Dr. Kathryn C. Zoon, Director, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research gave testimony before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Energy and Commerce, United States House of Representatives. Her statement described FDA's role in regulating the use of cloning technology to clone a human being and further described current significant scientific concerns in this area. !!
不是我的白云
资料：1938年，第一位现代胚胎学家、德国的汉斯?斯皮曼博士建议用成熟的细胞核植入卵子的办法进行哺乳动物克隆。 1952年，运用斯皮曼的构想，出现世界上第一只克隆青蛙。 1962年，约翰?格登宣布他用一个成熟细胞克隆出一只蝌蚪，从而引发了关于克隆的第一轮辩论。 1984年，斯蒂恩?威拉德森用胚胎细胞克隆出一只羊。这是第一例得到证实的克隆哺乳动物。 1995年10月，美国麻省麻醉学家维坎蒂博士利用改良组织工程，令老鼠背上长出人耳，从而使人类能在实验室培育出可向人类移植的皮肤和软骨。 1996年7月，英国苏格兰罗斯林研究所成功地用羊乳腺细胞克隆出小绵羊"多利"。 1997年10月，英国专家研制出一个无头的青蛙胚胎，令其有关技术可以制造人类器官以便作为医学移植用途。 1999年7月，日本科学家克隆出多头牛，并将其肉类推向市场出售。 2000年4月，美国先进细胞工程公司克隆出6头比它们本身实际年龄年轻的小牛。 2000年，美国科学家用无性繁殖技术成功克隆出一只猴子"泰特拉"，这意味着克隆人本身已没有技术障碍。 2001年11月25日，美国马萨诸塞州的生物技术
比福爷爷
Clone to our advantage On medicine has the advantage, although there are a lot of disadvantages clone but it can also make many infertile men completed dream Now the cloning scientific divided into therapeutic cloning sexual and reproductive cloning two kinds. The former is the use of embryonic stem cells cloned human organs, for medical research, to solve the organ transplant donor shortage problem, this is the international scientific community and ethical within both support, but there is a premise, is used for therapeutic cloning embryos cannot exceed 14 days of pregnancy the boundaries. For reproductive cloning sex, what say normally namely clone, due to its overall violated the life of ethical principles, so, scientists mainstream consensus is firmly opposed. UNESCO, the world health organization and the international human genome ethics committees and governments are also very clear that oppose reproductive sex cloning Modern science and technology is a double-edged sword, in its benefit mankind can also bring some negative effects. This is kindled against us raises a question: modern technology, especially the modern life science and technology, don't respect ethical principle, will not listen to the voice of ethics? Professor shen pointed out: now some scientists propose, as long as science might do, you should do it. In fact, this is mistaken. If technology, we can produce a kind of serious harm to humans super life, difficult way can also go to manufacture? Some scientific lunatic is under the banner of "scientific freedom", to do some harm to humans. Therefore, we should guard modern science and technology by some ax-grinders utilization. In addition, nor make scientific freedom and ethical contradiction. The modern life science development suggests, ethical standard and guide, and no beam, listen to the voice of ethics, conducive to scientific more healthy, smooth development1．会使地球人数增多 2．在医学上有好处,克隆人虽然有很多坏处但它也可以使许多没有生育能力的人完成梦想 3．现在科学界把克隆分为治疗性克隆和生殖性克隆两种。前者是利用胚胎干细胞克隆人体器官，供医学研究、解决器官移植供体不足问题，这是国际科学界和伦理学界都支持的，但有一个前提，就是用于治疗性克隆的胚胎不能超出妊娠14天这一界限。而对于生殖性克隆，即通常所说的克隆人，由于它在总体上违背了生命伦理原则，所以，科学家的主流意见是坚决反对的。联合国教科文组织、世界卫生组织和国际人类基因组伦理委员会和各国政府也都非常明确地表示，反对生殖性克隆 4．现代科学技术是一把双刃剑，在其造福人类的同时也会带来一些负面效应。这就向我们提出了一个问题：现代科技，特别是现代生命科技，要不要尊重伦理学原则，要不要倾听伦理的声音？沈教授指出：现在有些科学家提出，只要科学上有可能做到的，就应该去做。事实上，这是错误的观点。如果技术上我们能制造出一种严重危害人类的超级生命，难道也可以去制造吗？一些科学狂人正是打着“科学自由”的旗号，去做一些危害人类的事。因此，我们要警惕现代科学技提交回答术被一些别有用心的人利用。另外，也不能把科学自由和伦理道德对立起来。现代生命科学发展的事实表明，伦理的规范和引导，并没有束，倾听伦理的声音，有利于科学更健康、顺利地发展
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