missohmygod
一、意义与构成1. 意义：表示过去1) 发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果2) 某一时间开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态 2. 基本构成：have/has+ done (过去分词)3. 句型 基本结构：主语+have/has+ done (过去分词) a. 肯定句：主语+have/has+ done (过去分词)b. 否定句：主语+have/has+not+ done (过去分词)c. 一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+ done (过去分词)d. 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+ done过去分词二、过去分词与动词的过去式一样,动词的过去分词有规则动词过去分词和不规则动词过去分词两种.1. 规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同1) 一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ” 如：work—worked—worked; play—played—played; enjoy—enjoyed—enjoyed.2) 以“e”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“d ” 如：dance—danced—danced; live—lived—lived; place—placed—placed.3) 以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 “y” 变为 “i” ,再加“ed”注意：元音字母+y结尾的动词的过去分词的变法参见一般动词.如：carry—carried—carried; hurry—hurried—hurried; cry—cried—cried4) 重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写这个辅音字母,再加“ed” 如：plan—planned—planned; stop—stopped—stopped; drop—dropped—dropped2. 不规则动词不规则动词的过去分词有5种形式：A-A-A 如：cost—cost—cost; cut—cut—cut; hit—hit—hitA-B-B 如：bring—brought—brought; build—built—built; catch—caught—caught; keep—kept—kept; sell—sold—sold; smell—smelt—smelt; learn—learnt—learnt; say—said—said; meet—met—met; make—made—made; leave—left—left 此类变化涉及到的动词较多,需要同学们认真记忆.A-B-C 如：begin—began—begun; blow—blew—blown; drive—drove—drive; break—broke—broken; forget—forgot—forgotten; eat—ate—eaten; take—took—taken; do—did—done 此类变化涉及到的动词较多,需要同学们认真记忆.A-A-B 如：beat—beat—beaten A-B-A 如：come—came—come 不规则动词的过去分词变化规则多,但是还是有一定的规律所循,希望同学们多花心思,细心记下,这是使用完成时态的基础.三、用法1. 现在完成时用来表示过去已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.I have spent all of my money. 我花光了身上所有的钱.(含义是：I don’t have any money now.) Jane has laid the table. Jane已经把桌子摆好了.(含义是：We can sit and have dinner.) Michael has been ill. Michael病了.(含义是：He can’t come to school.) He has returned from abroad. 他已经从国外回来了.(含义是：He’s at home now.) 2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has been ill for three days. Mary已经病了三天了.I have lived here since 1998. 我从1998年起一直住在这.I have been a teacher for 10 years. 我当老师已经10年了.注意：点动词（buy, die, join, finish等）不能直接与for, since 连用,需要改变动词.1) have代替buy I have bought new car. 他买了辆新车.(含义：他自己有车,不用搭别人车等.)I have had this bike for almost 7 years. 我买这辆自行车七年了.2) 用keep或have代替borrow He has kept the book for a long time. 他借这书好长时间了. 3) 用be in替代come to/ join/ move to等How long have you been in America? 你来美国多久了? 4) 用be+副词 替代start/ get up/ return to/go back toThe show has been on for half an hour. Hurry up!演出已经开始了半个小时了.快点!I’ve been up for an hour, but I still feel sleepy.我起床已经一个小时了,但是我还是觉得很困.He has been back to his hometown for a year, but he’s still missing the life in thecity.他回到故乡都一年了,但是他还是很怀念城市生活.总之,后加时间的完成时表达中,都表达一个动作所延续的时间,而点动词只表达那一动作,动作之后所处的状态,应该用相应的状态词来表达,如come是“来”的意思,而来之后的日子都是“在…”因为不能用come表达,应该用be in…来表达,意为“一直处于…”.3. 现在完成时的时间状语现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用.如：yesterday, last Sunday, in1990, three years ago等.但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用.如：I have finished my homework yesterday. (×)I finished my homework yesterday. (√)1)副词already和yetalready一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中.如：I’ve already slept for 12 hours but I’m still feeling tired. 我都睡了12个小时了可是我还是很累.I haven’t finished working yet. 我还没有完成工作.Have you found your lost cat yet?你找到你丢了的小猫了吗?2)ever和never多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未”. 如：---Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗?---No, I haven’t. I have never been to the Great Wall. 没有.我从未去过长城.3)用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如：just, before, up to now, the past few years等.如：I have just finished my paper. 我才写完我的论文.I’ve dream about that before. 我以前梦到过那个情景.Up to now, he has got 3 gold medals in the Olympic Games.到现在为止,他已经在奥运会中取得了三块金牌.He has been there three times the last few days.近几年他去过那里三次了.4)用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如：now, today, this morning (month, year, term)等.如：---Have you met him today?---No, I haven't.---今天你见过他吗?---没有.How many times have you been there this year?今年你去过那里多少次?
ansenhachi
初二英语语法，是初一语法到初三语法的过渡点。下面是我给大家整理的初二英语语法的相关知识，供大家参阅!
一般现在时
1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。
2.时间状语： Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month„), once a week(day, year, month„), on Sundays,
3.基本结构：动词 原形 (如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式)
4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加don't, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。
6.例句：It seldom snows here.这里很少下雪。
He is always ready to help others.他总是乐于帮助别人。
Action speaks louder than words.事实胜于雄辩。
二、 一般过去时
1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。
2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month„), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+动词或be的过去时+名词
4.否定形式：主语+was/were +not+其他;在行为动词前加didn't，同时还原行为动词。
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。
6.例句：She often came to help us in those days.那些天她经常来帮助我们。
I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是这么忙。
三、 一般将来时
1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。
2.时间状语：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year„),soon, in a few minutes, by„,the day after tomorrow, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+am/is/are +going to + do+其它;主语+will/shall + do+其它
4.否定形式：主语+am/is/are not going to do ;主语+will/shall not do+其它
5.一般疑问句：be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。
6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他们将有一场比赛和我们一起研究。
It is going to rain.天要下雨了。
四、 一般过去将来时
1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语：The next day (morning, year„),the following month(week„),etc.
3.基本结构：主语+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它
4.否定形式：主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was going there.我问，谁要去那里。
五、 现在进行时
1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语：Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen
3.基本结构：主语+be +doing +其它
4.否定形式：主语+be +not +doing+其它
5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。
6.例句：How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?
He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
六、 过去进行时
1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。
2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。
3.基本结构 主语+was/were +doing +其它
4.否定形式：主语+was/were + not +doing+其它
5.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。(第一个字母大写)
6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段时间她在人民解放军部队工作。 When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他进来时，我正在读报纸。
七、 将来进行时
1.概念：表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时间开始，并继续下去的动作。常用来表示询问、请求等。
2.时间状语：Soon, tomorrow, this evening，on Sunday, by this time，in two days, tomorrow evening
3.基本结构：主语+shall/will + be +现在分词+其它
4.否定形式：主语+shall/will + not + be +现在分词+其它
5.例句：This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的这个时间，他们正坐在电影院。
He won’t be coming to the party.他不去参加聚会了。
八、 过去将来进行时
1.概念：表示就过去某一时间而言,将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作,主要用于宾语从句中,尤其多用于间接引语中。
2.基本结构：should/would + be +现在分词
3.例句：They said they would be coming.他们说了他们将要来。
He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他说他不能来因为要开会。
九、 现在完成时
1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。
2.时间状语：yet,already,just,never,ever,so far,by now,since+时间点，for+时间段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.
3.基本结构：主语+have/has +p.p(过去分词)+其它
4.否定形式：主语+have/has + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它
5.一般疑问句：have或has。
6.例句：I've written an article.我已经写了一篇论文。
The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在过去的几年，农村发生了巨大的变化。
十、 过去完成时
1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完
成的行为，即“过去的过去”。
2.时间状语：Before, by the end of last year (term, month„), etc.
3.基本结构：主语+had + p.p(过去分词)+其它 4.否定形式：主语+had + not +p.p(过去分词)+其它
5.一般疑问句：had放于句首。
6.例句：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.当我们到车站的时候,火车已经开走了。
By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books.到上个月底。我们有了四本书。 基本结构：主语+had+p.p(过去分词)+其它
①肯定句：主语+ had+p.p(过去分词)+其它
②否定句：主语+ had+ not+p.p(过去分词)+其它
③一般疑问句：Had+主语+p.p(过去分词)+其它
④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
十一、 将来完成时
1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态
2.时间状语：by the time of; by the end of+时间短语(将来);by the time+从句(将来)
3.基本结构：主语+be going to/will/shall + have+p.p(过去分词)+其它
4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回来的时候,就将发生巨大的变化。
十二、 过去将来完成时
1.概念：表示在过去某一时间对将来某一时刻以前所会发生的动作，常用在虚拟语气中，表示与过去的事实相反。
2.基本结构：should/would have done sth.
3.例句：I thought you'd have left by this time.我想这会儿你已经走了。
He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告诉他们他会在8点以前干完。 十三、 现在完成进行时
1.概念：表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。
2.基本结构：主语+have/has +been +doing+其它
3.时间状语：since+时间点，for+时间段等。
4.例子：I have been sitting here for an hour.我已经在这里坐了一个小时。
The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.从6点起，孩子们一直看电视。 十四、 过去完成进行时
1.概念：表示某个正在进行的动作或状态，持续到过去某个时刻，还未完成，一直持续到之后的当前才结束。
2.基本结构：主语+ had + been + doing +其它
3.例子：She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考试之前一直患重感冒。
Had they been expecting the news for some time?他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧?
4.特殊含义：①尚未完成：He had been writing the novel.他已经在写小说了。(他没写完) ②企图：He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾经学习过这个谚语。(他曾努力学习过它)
③未得结果：We had been studying what our enemy had said.我们一直致力于敌人所说的。(但是我们没有理解)
④最近情况：He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一场架。(最近) ⑤反复动作：He had been asking me the same question.他一直问我相同的问题。(屡次) ⑥情绪：What had he been doing?他做了什么?(不耐烦)
十五、 将来完成进行时
1.概念：表示动作从某一时间开始一直延续到将来某一时间。是否继续下去，要视上下文而定。
2.基本结构：shall/will have been doing
3.例子：I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底，我将在这个工厂工作20年了。
If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there. 咱们如不快一点儿，等我们到了那儿，店门就会关了。
优质英语培训问答知识库
