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一、This is IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English.On Friday, Republican candidate John McCain announced his choice for vice president: Alaska Governor Sarah Palin. She is forty-four years old and largely unknown in national politics. She was elected governor two years ago. She will be the first woman on a Republican presidential ballot. The Democrats nominated Geraldine Ferraro for vice president in nineteen eighty-four. Governor Palin praised Geraldine Ferraro and Hillary Clinton for their historic campaigns. And she said her own candidacy means that women still have a chance for the White House.She appeared with John McCain in Ohio Friday, on the Arizona senator's seventy-second birthday. The Republican Party opens its nominating convention Monday in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota.On Thursday night, in Denver, Colorado, Democrat Barack Obama accepted his party's nomination to be the forty-fourth president. BARACK OBAMA: "With profound gratitude and great humility, I accept your nomination for the presidency of the United States."The first-term senator from Illinois is the first black nominee of a major American political party. He is forty-seven, the Hawaiian-born son of a father from Kenya and a white mother from Kansas. He narrowly defeated Hillary Clinton in the primary season. She received eighteen million votes.The race against John McCain was very close heading into the conventions. In large part, this week's Democratic convention was aimed at uniting the party. Hillary and Bill Clinton gave speeches in support of Barack Obama. And she called on delegates during a roll call vote of the states to vote for him "with one voice." They suspended the voting and declared him the nominee. His running mate is Joe Biden, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The longtime Delaware senator ran for president twenty years ago and again this year. Barack Obama gave his acceptance speech before tens of thousands at an open-air sports stadium. He said America is at a defining moment, with the nation at war and the economy in great trouble. He said "the American promise" is threatened from eight years of what he called "the failed policies of George W. Bush." Barack Obama said he does not think Senator McCain knows what is going on in the lives of Americans. The Democrat promised to cut taxes for ninety-five percent of working families. And he promised a goal to end dependence on oil from the Middle East in ten years. He also said he would only send troops into harm's way with a clear mission.BARACK OBAMA: "I will end this war in Iraq responsibly and finish the fight against al-Qaida and the Taliban in Afghanistan. I will rebuild our military to meet future conflicts. But I will also renew the tough, direct diplomacy that can prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons and curb Russian aggression."Barack Obama spoke on the anniversary of a major event in the American civil rights movement. Thursday was forty-five years since Martin Luther King Junior's "I Have a Dream" speech in Washington.And that's IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English, written by Brianna Blake. I'm Steve Ember二、ANNOUNCER:Welcome to People in America in VOA Special English. At the beginning of the twentieth century, American laborers often worked long hours for little pay. Many worked under extremely dangerous conditions. About five hundred thousand workers, however, had joined groups called labor unions, hoping to improve their situation. Today, Rich Kleinfeldt and Sarah Long tell about five labor leaders who worked to improve conditions for American workers. (MUSIC)VOICE ONE:In nineteen hundred, the largest national organization of labor unions was the American Federation of Labor. Its head was Samuel Gompers. Gompers had moved to New York with his parents when he was thirteen years old. He was twenty-four when he began working for the local union of cigar makers. He worked for the labor movement for sixty years.VOICE TWO:Samuel Gompers had helped create the A.F.L. in the late eighteen eighties. He led the organization for all but one year until his death in nineteen twenty-four. Gompers defined the purpose of the labor movement in America. He also established the method used to solve labor disputes.Gompers thought unions should work only to increase wages, improve work conditions and stop unfair treatment of workers. He called his method pure and simple unionism.Samuel Gompers sought immediate change for workers. He used group actions such as strikes as a way to try to force company owners to negotiate.VOICE ONE:Gompers was criticized for going to social events with industry leaders, and for compromising too easily with employers. But Gompers believed such actions helped his main goal. He believed if workers were respected, their employers would want to make working conditions better.Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers, the labor movement won its first small gains. For example, the federal government recognized the right of workers to organize. That happened when union representatives were part of the National War Labor Board during World War One.(MUSIC)VOICE TWO:John L. Lewis expanded the American labor movement with a campaign he called organizing the unorganized. Lewis was the head of the United Mine Workers of America. He also was the vice-president of the A.F.L. In nineteen thirty-five, Lewis formed the Committee for Industrial Organization within the A.F.L. He wanted the C.I.O. to organize workers in mass production industries, such as automobile industry. The A.F.L. mainly organized unions of workers who had the same skills. But Lewis believed skilled and unskilled workers in the same industry should be organized into the same union. Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act in nineteen thirty-five. It gave workers the legal right to join unions and to negotiate with employers. John L. Lewis thought it was the right time to press the large industries to recognize workers' rights.The A.F.L., however, decided not to support such action and expelled the unions that belonged to the C.I.O. In nineteen thirty-six, the C.I.O. began operating as another national labor organization. Lewis was its leader.VOICE ONE:John L. Lewis was an extremely colorful and effective speaker. He had worked as a coal miner and could relate to the most terrible conditions workers faced. More than three million workers joined the C.I.O. in its first year as a separate organization. For the first time, labor won many strikes and permanent improvements in workers conditions. For many years, presidents, members of Congress, and business leaders considered John L. Lewis the voice of labor. And, American workers saw Lewis as their hero. By the nineteen fifties, the labor movement an established part of American life.(MUSIC)VOICE TWO:Walter Reuther was the vice president of the C.I.O. under Lewis, and became its president in nineteen fifty-two. Reuther believed unions had a social responsibility. His ideas were partly influenced by his German father who was a socialist. Walter Reuther was trained to make tools to cut metal. He joined the United Automobile Workers union when it first formed in nineteen thirty-five. VOICE ONE:Walter Reuther was president of the United Auto Workers for twenty-three years beginning in nineteen forty-six. He shaped the U.A.W. into one of the most militant and forward-looking unions. He held strikes to gain increased wages for workers, but, at the same time, he expected workers to increase their rate of production. He was the first to link pay raises to productivity increases. Reuther also was greatly concerned about civil rights and the environment. In nineteen fifty-five, Reuther helped the A.F.L. and C.I.O. re-join as one organization. Reuther's ideas were recognized worldwide. But they also brought him enemies. He survived three murder attempts. He said: "You have to make up your mind whether you are willing to accept things as they are or whether you are willing to try to change them." (MUSIC)VOICE TWO:A. Philip Randolph is known for combining the labor and civil rights movements. Randolph became involved with unions in nineteen-twenty-five. A group of black workers on passenger trains asked him to organize a union, the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Randolph was not a laborer. He was the college educated son of a minister. He published a socialist magazine in New York City. He was known as a fighter for black rights. Randolph strongly believed that economic conditions affected rights and power for African Americans. For twelve years, Randolph fought the Pullman Company that employed the passenger train workers. In nineteen thirty-five, Pullman finally agreed to negotiate with the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Two years later, the porters' union signed the first labor agreement between a company and a black union. A. Philip Randolph led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters for forty-three years. In nineteen fifty-seven he became vice president of the A.F.L.-C.I.O.Randolph used large group protests to change work conditions. He planned marches on the capital in Washington to protest the unequal treatment of black workers by the government. In nineteen sixty-three, Randolph planned the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. At this huge peaceful gathering, civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Junior made his famous "I have a dream" speech. Within a year the civil rights amendment passed guaranteeing equal rights for blacks and other minorities.(MUSIC)VOICE ONE:Cesar Chavez created the first farmers union in nineteen sixty-two. That union later became the United Farm Workers of America. Farm workers had been considered too difficult to organize. They worked during growing seasons. Many farm workers did not speak English or were in the country illegally. Farm workers earned only a few dollars each hour. They often lived in mud shelters and had no waste removal systems. Many farm workers were children.VOICE TWO:Cesar Chavez went to school for only eight years. But he read a lot. He was greatly influenced by the ideas of famous supporters of non-violence such as Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi. Chavez led his workers on marches for better pay and conditions. Workers walked hundreds of miles carrying cloth banners with the Spanish words "Viva la Causa" -- long live our cause.VOICE ONE:Cesar Chavez created a new strike method called a boycott. People refused to buy products of a company accused of treating farm workers badly. Chavez also publicized the dangers of some farm chemicals. Cesar Chavez improved the conditions of farm workers by making their mistreatment a national issue. VOICE TWO:Union membership has dropped sharply since its highpoint in the nineteen forties. Yet conditions for American workers continue to improve as employers realize that treating their workers well is good for business. The efforts of leaders of the American labor movement during the past one hundred years continue to improve the lives of millions of workers.(MUSIC)ANNOUNCER:This Special English program was written by Linda Burchill and produced by Paul Thompson. The announcers were Rich Kleinfeldt and Sarah Long. I'm Faith Lapidus. Join us again next week for another People In America program in VOA Special English.