英语拼写规则

第三十七章 拼写规则 关于名词的复数,参见第12节. 关于动词的形式,参见第165节、第172节与第175节. 354 引语 元音字母： a e i o u 辅音字母： b c d f g h j k l m n p q r s t v w x y z 后缀是加在一个词尾的一组字母,如： beauty,beautiful（ful是后缀） 355 辅音字母的双写 A 只有一个元音字母并以单一个辅音字母结尾的单音节词,如果后面接以元音字母开头的后缀,则首先要双写该辅音字母,然后再加后缀： hit＋ing＝hitting knit＋ed=knitted run＋er＝runner 但是： keept keeping（两个元音字母） help,helped（两个辅音字母） love,lover（以元音字母结尾） qu这时相当于一个辅音字母： quit,quitting 一个词如以w、x或y等辅音字母结尾,加后缀时不用双写该字母： row+ed=rowed box＋ing=boxing B 含有两个或三个音节的词,如是以单一辅音字母结尾的,而该辅音字母前只有一个元音字母、重音又在最后一个音节时,加后缀时应双写该辅音字母.例如（重读音节用黑体字）：acquit＋ed=acquitted begin＋er＝beginner deter＋ed＝deterred recur＋ing=recurring 但是： murmur＋ed＝murmured answer+er=answerer orbit＋ing＝orbiting focus＋ed写成focused或focussed均可,而bias＋ed可写成biased或biassed. C handicap,kidnap,worship等词末尾的辅音字母也要双写： handicap,handicapped worship,worshipped kidnap,kidnapped D 以字母l结尾的词,如果l前面是单独一个元音字母或两个单独发音的元音字母,加后缀时则要双写字母l： appal,appalled duel,duellist repel,repellent cruel,cruelly model,modelling quarrel,quarrelling dial,dialled refuel,refuelled signal,signalled distil,distiller 356 末尾字母e的省略 A 以e结尾的词,如e前面为辅音字母,要加上以元音字母开头的后缀时,先省略e： believe＋ er＝ believer love ＋ing＝loving move＋able＝movable 但是dye和singe加后缀ing时其末尾的e不能省略,以免与die和sing搞混： dye,dyeing singe,singeing age加后缀ing时其末尾字母e也不省略,但在美国英语中要省略e： age,ageing（英）／aging（美） likable也可写成likeable. 以ce或ge结尾的词,有时要保留字母e.参见第357节. B 后缀如以辅音字母开头时,单词末尾字母e可以保留： engage,engagement fortunate,fortunately hope,hopeful immediate,immediately sincere,sincerely 但是以able/ible结尾的形容词变为副词形式时,其末尾字母e要省略： comfortable,comfortably incredible,incredibly 下列词中的末尾字母e也要去掉： argue,argument due,duly judge,judgement／judgment true,tryly whole,wholly（注意这里双写字母l） C 以ee结尾的词加后缀时不省略字母e： agree,agreed,agreeing,agreement foresee,foreseeing,foreseeable 357 以ce和ge结尾的词 A 以ce和ge结尾的词后接以a或.开头的后缀时,要保留字母e： courage,courageous peace,peaceable manage,manageable replace,replaceable outrage,outrageous trace,traceable 这样做是为了避免读音上的变化,因为c和g一般在e和i之前弱读,在a或o之前则重读. B 以ce结尾的词,加后缀ous时要将e变为i： grace,gracious space,spacious malice,malicious vice,vicious 358 后缀ful 一个词后面加上后缀full时,第二个l要去掉： beauty＋full=beautiful（但是要注意副词形式为beautifully） use＋full=useful（但是要注意副词形式为usefully）如果需要加后缀的词本身也是以ll结尾,那么这一词的第二个l也要省略： skill+full＝skilful 注意： full＋fill＝fulfil 359 以字母y结尾的词 以字母y结尾的词,如果字母y前为辅音字母,加后缀时需先将字母y变为i,但接后缀ing时除外： carry+ed＝carried happy＋ly＝happily sunny+er=sunnier 但是： carry＋ing=carrying hurry＋ing=hurrying 如果y前面的字母为元音,y则保持不变： obey+ed＝obeyed play＋er＝player 关于名词的复数形式参见第12节. 360 ie和ei 一般规则是字母i在e前面,但在c之后除外： believe sieve 但是： deceive receipt 下面这些词例外,都拼写为ei： beige feint heir reign their counterfeit foreign inveigh rein veil deign forfeit inveigle seize vein eiderdown freight leisure skein weigh eight heifer neigh sleigh weight either height neighbour sleight weir feign heinous neither surfeit weird 361 连字号 A 复合词是将两个或两上以上的词连起来组成的一个词.这种复合词有下列几种写法： （a）作为一个词： bystander旁观者 hairdresser美容师 teacup茶杯 （b）作为两个或更多的词： amusement arcade游乐厅 post office邮局 （C）写成带有连字号的词：

一、元音字母在重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a 在开音节中 [ei] name plane Jane baby cake 在闭音节中 [æ] bag dad hat map black back e 在开音节中 [i:] he these me Chinese 在闭音节中 [e] bed let pen desk yes egg i 在开音节中 [ai] bike fly drive time nice kite 在闭音节中 fish big drink sit milk swim o 在开音节中 [ou] those close go hoe home no 在闭音节中 [C] clock not box shop sock u 在开音节中 [ju:] student excuse duty Tuesday 在闭音节中 [∧] bus cup jump much lunch 在开音节中，元音字母u在辅音字母j l r s后面时读[u:]音，例如：June blue ruler super 二、元音字母在重读音节中的特殊读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a在[w]音后面 [C] want what watch wash quality a在f n sk ph sp ss st th前 [α:] after plant graph ask grasp glass fast father i在-nd -ld和gh前 [ai] find child light high o在-st -ld前 [ou] most postcard old cold o在m n v th前 [∧] come monkey love mother 三、元音字母在非重读音节中的读音 元音字母 读 音 例 词 a [E]E China another woman breakfast orange comrade village cabbage e [E] hundred student open weekend chicken pocket begin children i [E]/ holiday beautiful family animal [ai] exercise satellite o [E] second tonight somebody welcome [Eu] also zero photo u [E] autumn difficult [ju:] popular congratulation January 动词中的a如果处在开音节位置，a读[ei]音，例如：operate u处在开音节位置，又在辅音字母j l r s后面时，读[u(:)]音，例如：July influence February issue 在非重读音节中，许多单词中的元音字母a e i 即可以读作[E]音，也可以读作音。 四、-r音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 arar在[w]音后面 [α:] car farm dark sharpener [C:] warm quarter towards oror在[w]音后面 [C:] forty morning short [E:] word worker worse er ir ur [E:] certainly bird Thursday 辅音字母r双写时，前面的元音字母不能与r构成-r音节,而是按重读闭音节的拼读规则发音。例如： carry sorry hurry -r音节在非重读音节中通常读[E]音，例如：dollar teacher martyr forget Saturday 五、-re音节元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 are [εE] care dare hare ere [iE] here mere ire [aiE] fire hire wire ore [C:] more score before ure [juE] pure cure are ere ire ore很少出现在非重读音节中，ure在非重读音节中读[E]音，例如：picture pleasure 重读元音字母加Rr，再加非重读元字组时，重读元音字母应按-re音节拼读规则拼读，字母Rr读[r]音。例如：parent zero story during inspiring 某些常用词及多音节词经常出现长音短化现象。例如：orange very American paragraph 六、元音字组在重读音节中的读音 元音字组 读 音 例 词 ai/ay [ei] afraid rain wait day play air [εE] air hair chair pair repair alal在f m前 [C] small ball talk wall all [C:l] always also salt almost [α:] half calm au/aw [C:] autumn daughter draw ea [i:] teach easy cheap please [e] heavy bread sweater weather [ei] break great ear [iE] hear dear near clear year [εE] bear pear wear swear [E:] earth learn early ee [i:] jeep week green three eer [iE] pioneer deer beer ei/ey [ei] eight neighbour they [i:] either key eu/ew在j l r s后 [ju:] new few newspaper [u:] flew brew jewelry ie/ei[s]音之后 [i:] piece field receive oa [ou] coat Joan boat goal oar/oor [C:] roar board door floor oi/oy [Ci] noise point boy toilet oo [u:] broom food tooth school book look cook foot good ou/ow [au] flower house count down [ou] know row throw though [∧] young country enough [u:] group you soup our [C:] course your four [auE] our hour ours [E:] journey ui在j l r s后 [ju:i] fluid suicide tuition [u:] juice fruit suit 七、非重读音节中元音字组和字群的读音 元音字组或字群 读 音 例 词 ai/ay ei/ey Sunday foreign monkey ow [ou] yellow sparrow tomorrow 元音字组在非重读音节中读[E]音或。例如:neighbour serious famous biscuit coffee -sion -tion [Fn] impression nation -sion在元音字母后 [Vn] vision decision occasion -tion在s后 [tFEn] question suggestion -sten [sn] listen -stle [sl] whistle -sure [VE] pleasure measure -ture [tFE] picture culture 八、元字组在复合词非重读音节中的读音 复合词中的第二部分不标注重音符号，但其中的元音字母或元音字组仍按重读音节拼读规则拼读。例如： everyday[ei] handbag[æ] blackboard[C:] 有些词随着语言的发展，前后两部分已失去其单独存在的意义，融合成为一个词。其中的非重读部分要按非重读音节的读音规则发音。例如： sun太阳 + day[ei]日子 ＞ Sunday 星期天 holy神圣 + day[ei]日子 ＞ holiday 假日 break中断 + fast[α:]斋戒 ＞ breakfast[E] 早餐 cup茶杯 + board木板[C:] ＞ cupboard[E] 碗柜 九、辅字组的读音 辅字组 读 音 例 词 b bike bus bag [/] bomb tomb cc在e前或在i/y前 [k] cake picture coat music [s] face decide cinema ch [tF] much chick rich teacher [k] school headache chemistry [F] machine -ck [k] cock pocket black knock d [d] doctor bread hand day -dge [dV] bridge fridge dr- [dr] children driver drink f [f] five four breakfast gg在e i/y前 [^] bag garden go [dV] orange large German gh [f] cough enough [/] light daughter high gu- -guegu在非重读音节中 [^] guess league dialogue [^w] language anguish h [h] hot head house hand [/] hour honest j [dV] jeep jar joke join July k [k] kind bike skate make week kn- [n] knife know knock l [l] life milk school tall m [m] monkey come autumn -mn [m] autumn column solemn nn在[k] [g]音前 [n] not shine ten note [N] uncle thank hungry -ng [N] morning young wrong p [p] paper plane pig ship pen ph [f] elephant photo telephone q [k] Iraq qu- [kw] quality quite r [r] red rubber ruler s在词首或清辅音前元音字母间或浊辅音前 [s] sit sleep desk [z] music husband sc- [sk] scarlet [s] muscle science sh [F] she fish shirt wash t在通常情况下在弱读字母ia ie io前 [t] ten letter meet [F] patient nation tch [tF] watch th在通常情况下在冠词 代词 介词 连词中在词尾-the -ther中 [θ] thin thirty method [T] the these with than [T] clothe fathe r weather tr- [tr] tree train country truck v [v] very voice love leave w [w] week win wake sweet wait [/] Answer two wh-wh-在字母o前 [w] what when white why [h] who whose whole x在重读元音前 [ks] box text exercise [gz] example exist exact wr- [r] write y- [j] yes yard yellow young z [z] puzzle zero zoo