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CISA is an audit professional certification sponsored by the Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). Candidates for the certification must meet requirements set by ISACA。The CISA certification was established in 1978[1] for several reasons:Develop and maintain a tool that could be used to evaluate an individuals' competency in conducting information system audits. Provide a motivational tool for information systems auditors to maintain their skills, and monitor the success of the maintenance programs. Provide criteria to help aid management in the selection of personnel and development. The first CISA examination was administered in 1981, and registration numbers have grown each year. Over 60,000[1] candidates have earned the CISA CISA certification has been recognised with ANSI accreditation, along with the CISM certification- both of these certifications are managed by ISACA. It is one of the few certifications formally approved by the US Department of Defense in their Information Assurance Technical category (DoD ).RequirementsCandidates for a CISA certification must pass the examination, agree to adhere to ISACA's Code of Professional Ethics, submit evidence of a minimum of five years of professional IS auditing, control, or security work, and abide by a program of continuing professional and waivers of such experience may be obtained as follows:[2]A maximum of one year of information systems experience OR one year of financial or operational auditing experience can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control, or security experience. 60 to 120 completed college semester credit hours (the equivalent of an Associate or Bachelor degree) can be substituted for one or two years, respectively, of information systems auditing, control or security experience. Two years as a full-time university instructor in a related field (., computer science, accounting, information systems auditing) can be substituted for one year of information systems auditing, control or security experience. [edit] ExaminationThe exam consists of 200 multiple-choice questions that must be answered within 4 hours. The exam is split between 6 Content Areas as of 2006:IS Audit Process - 10% of Exam IT Governance - 15% of Exam Systems and Infrastructure Lifecycle Management - 16% of Exam IT Service Delivery and Support - 14% of Exam Protection of Information Assets - 31% of Exam Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery - 14% of Exam The exam is now offered in 11 languages at more than 200 locations worldwide in June and Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) is a British chartered accountancy body with a global presence that offers the Chartered Certified Accountant (Designatory letters ACCA or FCCA) qualification worldwide. It is one of the world's largest and fastest-growing accountancy bodies with 122,426 members and 325,606 affiliates and students in 170 countries. The Institute's headquarters are in London with the principal administrative office being based in Glasgow. In addition the ACCA has a network of nearly 80 staffed offices and other centres around the ACCA is a founding member body of the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies (CCAB) and the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).The term 'Chartered' in ACCA qualification refers to the Royal Charter granted in 1974 by Her Majesty the Queen in the United Chartered Certified Accountant is a legally protected term, individuals who describe themselves as Chartered Certified Accountants must be members of ACCA and, if they carry out public practice engagements, must comply with additional regulations such as holding a practising certificate, being insured against any possible liability claims and submitting to Association of Authorised Public Accountants (AAPA), one of the British professional bodies for public accountants, has been a subsidiary of ACCA since is an independent non-governmental body, quasi-judicial body and a company limited by guarantee that regulates the financial services industry in the United Financial Services and Markets Act imposed four statutory objectives upon the FSA:market confidence: maintaining confidence in the financial system public awareness: promoting public understanding of the financial system; consumer protection: securing the appropriate degree of protection for consumers; and reduction of financial crime: reducing the extent to which it is possible for a business carried on by a regulated person to be used for a purpose connected with financial crime [edit] Regulatory principlesThe statutory objectives are supported by a set of principles of good regulation which the FSA must have regard to when discharging its functions. These are:efficiency and economy: the need to use its resources in the most efficient and economic way. role of management: a firm’s senior management is responsible for its activities and for ensuring that its business complies with regulatory requirements. This principle is designed to guard against unnecessary intrusion by the FSA into firms’ business and requires it to hold senior management responsible for risk management and controls within firms. Accordingly, firms must take reasonable care to make it clear who has what responsibility and to ensure that the affairs of the firm can be adequately monitored and controlled. proportionality: The restrictions the FSA imposes on the industry must be proportionate to the benefits that are expected to result from those restrictions. In making judgements in this area, the FSA takes into account the costs to firms and consumers. One of the main techniques they use is cost benefit analysis of proposed regulatory requirements. This approach is shown, in particular, in the different regulatory requirements applied to wholesale and retail markets. innovation: The desirability of facilitating innovation in connection with regulated activities. For example, allowing scope for different means of compliance so as not to unduly restrict market participants from launching new financial products and services. international character: Including the desirability of maintaining the competitive position of the UK. The FSA takes into account the international aspects of much financial business and the competitive position of the UK. This involves co-operating with overseas regulators, both to agree international standards and to monitor global firms and markets effectively. competition: The need to minimise the adverse effects on competition that may arise from the FSA's activities and the desirability of facilitating competition between the firms it regulates. This covers avoiding unnecessary regulatory barriers to entry or business expansion. Competition and innovation considerations play a key role in the FSA's cost-benefit analysis work. Under the Financial Services and Markets Act, the Treasury, the Office of Fair Trading and the Competition Commission all have a role to play in reviewing the impact of the FSA's rules and practices on competition. [edit] Accountability and managementThe FSA is accountable to Treasury Ministers, and through them to Parliament. It is operationally independent of Government and is funded entirely by the firms it regulates through fines, fees and compulsory levies. Its Board consists of a Chairman, a Chief Executive Officer, a Chief Operating Officer, two Managing Directors, and 11 non-executive directors (including a lead non-executive member, the Deputy Chairman) selected by, and subject to removal by, HM Treasury. Among these, the Deputy Governor for Financial Stability of the Bank of England is an ex officio Board member. This Board decides on overall policy with day-to-day decisions and management of the staff being the responsibility of the Executive. This is divided into three sections each headed by a Managing director and having responsibility for one of the following sectors: retail markets, wholesale and institutional markets, and regulatory regulatory decisions can be appealed to the Financial Services and Markets Treasury decides upon the scope of activities that should be regulated, but it is for the FSA to decide what shape the regulatory regime should take in relation to any particular FSA is also provided with advice on the interests and concerns of consumers by the Financial Services Consumer Panel [2]. This panel describes itself as "An Independent Voice for Consumers of Financial Services". Members of the panel are appointed and can be dismissed by the FSA and emails to them are directed to FSA staff. The Financial Services Consumer Panel will not address individual consumer Financial Analyst (CFA) is an international professional designation offered by the CFA Institute of USA (formerly known as AIMR) to financial analysts who complete a series of three examinations. Candidates must have a bachelor's degree (or equivalent), be in the final year of their bachelor's degree program, or have at least four years of qualified, professional work experience in order to take the exams. In order to become a "CFA Charterholder" candidates must pass all three exams, agree to comply with the code of ethics, pay member dues, and have four years of work experience deemed acceptable by the CFA Institute. CFA charterholders are also obligated to adhere to a strict Code of Ethics and Standards governing their professional conductThe Certified Financial Planner (CFP) designation is a certification mark for financial planners conferred by the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards in the United States, Financial Planners Standards Council in Canada and 18 other organizations affiliated with Financial Planning Standards Board (FPSB), the international owner of the CFP mark outside of the United States. To receive authorization to use the designation, the candidate must meet education, examination, experience and ethics requirements, and pay an ongoing certification fee.[1]. The information contained herein relates specifically to CFP certification in the United States. For information on CFP certification outside of the United States, please see the FPSB website at for a list of affiliate member organizations and their respective CFP Certification Examination is a 10-hour multiple choice exam, divided into one four-hour session (Friday afternoon) and two three-hour sessions (Saturday). The exam includes three major case problems and is designed to assess the student's ability to apply his or her knowledge of the aforementioned areas to financial planning situations. The exam was set as a requirement in 1993 and at that time CFPs were grandfathered without having to pass this exam. [5]Individuals holding professional designations pre-approved by the CFP Board (like PhDs in business and economics, attorneys, Certified Public Accountants (CPA), Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), Chartered Accountants (CA), Chartered Wealth Managers (AAFM) ), and Chartered Financial Analysts (CFA) are entitled to register for and take the exam without having to complete the education requirements by using the CFP-board's challenge Management Professional is properly expressed as the credential PMP. The credentialing agency is the Project Management Institute ([1] PMI). This credential is obtained by gaining a certification in project management through the completion of PMI certified training and examination. PMP training and examination material comes from the Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK published most recently in 2007. Most exam questions reference PMI's project quality standards documented in the PMBOK. The PMP credential undergoes rigorous validation by ISO, and the PMBOK methodology is widely regarded as the industry standard for Project Management and has been adopted as the single standard for project management by agencies such as (Project Management Professional) is one of four concentrations offered by PMI in the study of Project Management:1. CAPM Certified Associate in Project Management: This certification is obtained after passing the CAPM Exam2. PMP Project Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMP Exam3. PgMP Program Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PgMP Exam4. PMI RMP PMI Risk Management Professional: This certification is obtained after passing the PMI-RMP Exam
一点流殇
张锴雍，湖南人，性格颇为强势。2008年，张锴雍在“胡润金融富豪榜”上名列第14位，财富总额为22亿元。自2005年开始，先后有四家外资股东——亚洲开发银行、花旗亚洲企业投资公司、美国凯雷集团和美国通用商务融资集团——入股中科智，总投资额达亿美元，持股比例达。2006年11月26日，中科智在新加坡证券交易所挂牌发行1亿美元债券，年利率为，为期五年。包括比利时、英国、美国、新加坡、香港等地以基金管理公司为主的11家机构认购。2005年5月，中科智引入了真正的外资股东亚洲开发银行，获得1000万美元投资。此时，也正是全球流动性泛滥、资金频频寻找投资机会的时候。中科智以其“中国担保业老大”的背景和亚洲开发银行投资的背书，一时颇受青睐。同年10月，花旗亚洲企业投资公司（CVCI）入股2500万美元；次年3月，美国私募股权投资机构凯雷集团紧步其后尘，亦投资2500万美元；2007年10月，美国通用商务融资集团（GE Capital，下称GE）投资入股中科智5000万美元。外资进入的目的，是将中科智打造成一个全国性的担保业品牌，完成海外上市。有投行认为，上市后的中科智估值可达40亿美元。按照中科智商业计划书上的规划，在此后五年至十年内，中科智将在全国主要省市都成立子公司，担保规模将达到1000亿元。获得资本金的中科智随即在全国展开铺点，在原有的深圳、北京、上海、福建和长沙等公司的基础上，又在广东、河北、浙江、重庆、江苏、福建、湖南等地，成立了多家中科智系列公司，2007年底，号称整个集团累计净资产达到32亿元。规模的急速扩张，对中科智原本粗放式的管理提出严峻挑战。各地子公司均为独立法人，可谓打着中科智旗号占山为王、独立开展业务的诸侯，发展境况各不相同，收入和利润也没有随着规模而增加。由于先天不足，集团需要通过抽逃子公司资本金、抽调客户保证金等手法，来粉饰规模和业绩，这也受到各地“诸侯”的抵触。内部总动员2007年5月10日，张锴雍召集各地高管出席一次“秘密会议”。据参加会议的人称，时任中科智集团财务总监王琼披露了一组令人吃惊的数据：中科智2006年的真实利润为3740万元，收入为亿元。此前，2003年到2005年三年中，中科智实际业绩均为亏损，委托外部审计公布的利润却分别为8071万元、7289万元、亿元。这意味着，截至2006年底，中科智累计包装利润亿元，虚增资产11亿元，实际发生代偿超过4亿元（并非此前对外宣传的5000万元）。据前述内部人博客文章描述，在这次会议上，张锴雍承认：“公司长期以来，其实都没有赚钱。为了引进战略投资者，为了上市，不得不包装利润和收入，这个窟窿越来越大。七个锅两个盖，怎么捂盖子，一直是我的心病。现在，我扛不动了。”会上，张锴雍称，高管们可以选择离开，或者和他“同舟共济，共闯未来”。所谓同舟共济，在很大程度上，就是掩盖真实业绩、如何应付德勤会计师事务所的审计。2007年5月17日，中科智在“统一”了高管思想后，召开集团业务专题会议，核心是如何“完善”虚假委托贷款业务（中科智内部称“集团业务”）以通过审计。委托贷款业务，是指中科智向急需资金的企业发放高息短期贷款。这块资产和相应的收入，占到中科智公开数据近五成左右，2008年中，这一数字超过17亿元，给客户的利率高达，但事后则爆出9亿元以上的亏损。一位中科智高管发给《财经》记者的一份会议记录显示，德勤曾对委托贷款业务起疑，主要是金额巨大，但业务档案和流程过于简单，资料缺漏太多，客户注册地址有异。事实上，相当大一部分的委托贷款只是在中科智内部资金空转，即“左手贷给右手”，反复操作，用以制造出虚假业务规模和资本金规模。但问题在于，贷款方往往只是一些资本金很少、缺乏资质的壳公司，很容易被人识破。在2007年5月的会议上，时任中科智风险控制中心总监曾昭勇提出了虚假委托贷款的“A、B公司模式”，借以回应会计师的质疑；即把承接贷款的壳公司称为B公司，承认其是受中科智实际控制的壳公司，多为中科智员工或家属注册，但贷款的真实使用方是另外一家公司（被称为A公司），后者一般实力雄厚，却不方便出面贷款，因而由A为B担保，B出面贷款。2007年10月29日，中科智再次就所谓集团业务召开会议，针对的是年底的审计业务。《财经》记者获得一份资料，实录了这次会议的全过程。会上，曾昭勇布置了六种集团业务的类型，借鉴的是过去存在的真实委托贷款案例，其中有房地产开发贷款、企业收购贷款、赎楼按揭贷款、AB模式贷款等。各地中科智对这些“任务”怨声载道，作假本身容易出现漏洞，也带来沉重的财务负担。一位高管表示，注册1亿元的公司，一年做“集团业务”要付出的成本包括税收在内，最少在四五百万元，因此，实际的资金“黑洞”如滚雪球般越来越大。对此，张锴雍表示，这个做法是为了一次性解决历史遗留问题，此后可通过一系列业务扩张和资产变现弥补亏空。中科智虚浮的扩张和引资模式，终因内部利益失衡而倒塌。2007年10月，GE以5000万美元入股，持有中科智8%的股份。与以往引资不同的是，GE购买的是张锴雍手中的旧股。为了不稀释自己的控股权，张锴雍先从高管手中回购了部分职工股，但定价仅为成本加利息。此举最终成为激化张锴雍和高管、员工之间矛盾的导火索。张锴雍在去年12月接受《财经》记者采访时承认了这一点。2008年7月间，中科智前高管关于中科智造假的详细举报信，放到了几位外资股东的桌上。“硬着陆”2008年7月21日，中科智再次紧急召开高层会议，公布了前高管的这封举报信。举报信称，中科智历年累计亏损七、八亿元，业绩一贯造假，利用壳公司作虚假委托贷款业务，高峰时候年度虚假委托贷款业绩十多亿元。为了此项造假业务，中科智每年的成本就上亿元；另外，中科智发生的代偿实际高达数亿元。举报信还称，发债募集来的资金，转手就被大股东利用委托贷款的形式，变成大股东的自有资金，参与深圳平安的配售，然后将股票抵押给银行套现。《财经》记者获得的一张此次视频会议的资料显示，在这次会议上，张锴雍承认，举报信内容大部分属实。不过，此时张锴雍仿佛如释重负，将其看做一次“硬着陆”的机会。“以前我感觉自己抱着一个秘密、包袱在艰难前行，以为别人什么都不知道，实际上，他们（外资股东）不傻。”在这次会议上，张锴雍自嘲道。随后，中科智公布2008年中报，果然采取“硬着陆”的方式，称因委托贷款业务巨亏，计提拨备14亿元。其中，为约亿元委托贷款计提了高达亿元的拨备，另出现了亿元的贷款担保损失。对这一戏剧化的业绩“跳水”，张锴雍公开的解释是，经济形势突变下中小企业蒙受冲击。审计师德勤以“无法判断”为由，未对该中报出具审计意见。除了虚构业绩，中科智与张锴雍的私人公司中科智控股之间，账目混淆且不透明，也令外资股东和员工们疑窦重重。多年来，依赖中科智担保这一融资平台，中科智控股获得了源源不断的资金。张锴雍曾向《财经》记者表示，中科智控股注册资本2亿多元，负债约7亿元，并称相对担保业务而言，“利润贡献最多的，其实是金融投资和地产。”公开资料显示，截至2007年末，中科智控股营业收入达20亿元，净资产为35亿元，总资产大概是40亿元。中科智前高管人员透露，中科智控股大概有七八笔金融股权投资，其中包括厦门商业银行和国泰君安的部分股权、1400万股平安股权等。另外，旗下还有深圳市中科智工贸发展公司、深圳市中科智资产管理公司、张家界山水天下置业有限公司、张家界亘立国际酒店等产业。“硬着陆”的结果，是张锴雍、外资股东和债权人选择了“同舟共济”。2008年12月24日，除亚洲开发银行的三家外资股东，最终和中科智达成了和解协议。亚洲开发银行由于自身并非商业机构，一旦发现被投资企业有不诚实行为，就必须退出，不能为了商业利益苟且和解。在回应《财经》记者采访申请时，该行总部发言人谨慎表示，“有关法律程序还在进行当中。”2009年3月27日，中科智在深圳召开“最新情况通报会”，称与持有1亿美元债券的债权人达成“债转股”协议。这一协议倘若实施，债券持有人转为持有中科智40%股份的第一大股东，张锴雍的股权被稀释到，四家外资股东的持股则稀释为。这意味着中科智公司控制权的让渡。未来的中科智董事会，将由债券持有人委派五名董事，张本人只能委派三名董事。债券持有人还有权任命集团总部的财务总监、风险管理总监，还有权委派首席重组官。至于如何弥补资金“黑洞”，张锴雍曾提出将中科智控股的资产装入担保公司，但外资股东一直没有同意，毕竟没有人了解中科智控股的真实情况。最终的解决方案是，中科智声称对深圳中兰德房地产经纪评估公司有应收款亿元。后者为张锴雍私人控股集团的名下公司。另外，张锴雍对国泰君安的股权投资亿元，原为其私人公司名下资产，目前已被注入到中科智。另外，还有亿元的商誉为并购差价。这一系列安排，意味着张锴雍承担了中科智虚构业绩、挪用资金造成的亏空，亦以变卖资产、承认负债、注入股权等实际行动填补了部分资金“黑洞”——虽然不确定性仍然存在：张锴雍是否有能力归还亿元的应收款？国泰君安股权是否质押给银行？亿元的商誉是否意味着还未填平的窟窿？中科智内部人士透露，张锴雍能有此救赎行动，不仅是因对自己一手打造的中科智的深厚感情，也是因为和外资股东达成了私下交易，即外资股东放弃了追究其个人责任的权利。在去年8月的“逼宫”行动中，外资股东曾表示，要在香港以欺诈罪将张告上法庭。但截至《财经》发稿前，《财经》记者未获当事双方的确认。“他毕竟没有一走了之。”2008年11月，一位外资股东代表人曾对《财经》记者如此表示。最后的救赎真相被层层披露后，受创最深的是中科智的信誉。中科智的最大合作方北京银行，已于今年5月冻结了北京中科智在该行约1亿元的存款。2008年底，北京银行通过中科智的贷款高达31亿元，而原先正常年份，北京银行对北京中科智的担保贷款往往收取零保证金。随之而来的是资金链的紧绷。北京中科智内部人士告诉《财经》记者，北京第一生物化学药业有限公司通过北京中科智在北京银行的2500万元担保贷款已经连续两次展期，尚无明晰的还款计划，银行可能要强行从被冻结的中科智账户中划取资金。此外，现在还无从判断这是否属于中科智借企业之名套取的贷款。在中科智危机出现后，这些被借用名义贷款的客户急于向中科智追讨资金。目前，这种性质的资金规模不详。一位知情人士表示：“银行冻结资金为自保，量也不多，但中科智内部资金缺口太大，缺了这点钱很难运转，不少投保客户保函到期了却退不出保证金。再这样下去，会引发诉讼乃至‘挤兑’。”“100多万元的担保保证金，四五月份就到期了，但钱到现在也没有全部退给我们。每次讨债都在中科智遇到和我一样去要保证金的人。下周要是还不把钱打到账上，我们就要起诉。”一位到北京中科智讨债的中小企业负责人对《财经》记者表示。据追债人士介绍，中科智做担保业务时，一般要求企业先交纳10%的保证金和2%－3%的担保费，才出保函做担保贷款，利率一般上浮20%。由于银行对中科智的担保贷款往往实施零保证金制度，企业交纳的保证金就很容易被中科智挪用。按照惯例，企业还完贷款后，中科智应在三日内退还保证金，但现在无法兑现。目前，北京中科智已经收到十多份律师函，要求在一定时间前退还到期的保证金。6月下旬，有部分中科智的客户表示，获得了中科智退回的一半保证金，并得到保证，剩余部分将在半个月后退还。有员工表示，中科智整个集团都面临退还保证金的压力，集团财务部门要求各地分公司退还保证金必须提前一个月申请。在此紧急关头，6月，张锴雍高调宣布将中科智控股名下的张家界山水天下大酒店项目出售，价格不详。中科智员工相信，中科智担保近期退还的保证金多来自于此。中科智还一直在谋求深圳市政府对深圳公司进行注资，尽职报告已经完成，等待政府批复。但因近期深圳政府正在经历市长许宗衡被“双规”的人事地震，这一“救命之水”短期尚难落实。继3月27日中科智在深圳召开通报会之后，张锴雍于五六月份开始在北京、上海、深圳等地进行系列路演，希望赢得银行的支持，启动日益紧缩的业务规模。在路演中，张锴雍称，2008年底，中科智亏损亿元，公司总资产亿元，所有者权益26亿元。他同时将中科智的自救和重组计划展示给银行，以期挽回市场的信心。（摘自2009年6月12日出版的《财经》杂志署名文章《中科智：原罪与救赎》，记者张冰、张曼）
考小拉考小花
CIA资格证的认知度日益提高了。您只需要打开国内各著名的招聘网站，搜索一下将CIA证书列入招聘条件的企业即会有一个清晰的了解。举例来说的话，比如广州工行，有CIA证的加10%工资，而有CPA证的才加5%；中国银行只要通过CIA考试即可提升一个薪金等级；中国平安将CIA持证比例列入KPI考核。在中国保监会最新印发的《保险机构内部审计工作规范》的通知中要求，保险机构中持有注册内部审计师（CIA）的人员应不低于专职内部审计人员的35%。CIA在美国是从管理方向定位的，涉及对公司治理、风险和内部控制等全方位的多角度服务。现在上市公司，金融行业，外资，事务所对CIA都比较欢迎了。内部审计人员更因为其熟悉企业整体业务流程，有纵观全局的视角，往往被列为高级管理层的人才来储备。详细可以找中审网校
优质审计师问答知识库
