How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third EditionTo be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard Before you start to learn sentences， or new words， the first and also the most important step is the "pronunciation" To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and This is the fundamental step to learn English， ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation， you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right After mastering the pronunciation perfectly， it is the time to accumulate new words and useful Of course start from the simplest words like “hello， hi， you， me， he， him， his， her”， and expressions like “how are you， how old are you， how do you do”， It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary *************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in C *******************Speaking:In China， you won't have enough chances to speak E What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape， and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the By doing this， it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and Listening:Nowadays it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in E The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own， hence ideal for listening and expression/words Writing:It is also very useful to write On writing diaries， it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences ( remove repetitive words， use better expressions， and sort out the structure of the sentences)Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English， starting from thin ones with not many new Read as many thin books as you possibly Little by Little you will want to read thicker books， and your reading ability will get even Putting four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading， listening， writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole， apply the new words you learn from watching TV， reading books to your writing and The enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China， you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral E If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak EOn Spoken English， attitude is very You need to be very keen and you must not be Never be afraid to make Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you You can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad， the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my E My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years， because I talk in English most of the Having some international friends is particularly useful Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news， football， dramas， documentaries Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words， good expressions and practise sentence *****Now， I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General EIt is the time to switch to "Your Major in English" *******************************Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most Skills are as important as mastering another General English helps people to communicate with each other in their Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest， to earn money for your living for the Some people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study， Journalist， History， Education or even a bit more technical like Finance， Business Administration or EIt is extremely useful to know more because there are so many words in English and they appear differently to each For people whose second language is English， will find it difficult to guess the meaning of a new For sure， it is not possible to know Pick a major first and put all your effort on that major， in the end you will have a rich vocabulary of that Difficulties on learning Technical English:To master technical English in your area of study， there are two difficulties to 1， the language， because it is not your first language， you need to remember the terms， knowing how to pronounce it and spell 2， surely you need to understand the terms in a technical No matter what field， it is going to be the same; the two difficulties above must be Here I take Physics as an example (note that whatever field you are looking into is going to be similar):The term "momentum" is basically the product of the mass of the object and the velocity it Obviously， you need to understand mass and velocity as If you understand mass and velocity， then you get the explanation of the term "momentum" in physics， then you are most likely to understand the word and use it properly in the technical world of P From this example， you can see how to understand a technical word in a technical fashion: you need to understand the very fundamental knowledge of a field to be able to understand more complex terminologies or Before learning technical English in your field of study， I have a good recommendation to save your time:To understand technical knowledge in your first language (Chinese)， then you might not have the second What it left to overcome is just the first difficulty (the language)， hence the effort required is I can give you an example of my own:When I was learning chemistry at A-level， I had already learnt inorganic chemistry at the equivalent level in China， so I had no difficulty whatsoever in learning inorganic chemistry in the UK in EBut I had not learnt organic chemistry in China， and I was struggling significantly in learning organic chemistry in the UK due to dual ************OK， I have finished talking about how to improve your technical ENow i will talk about IT (Information Technology)， why is this important? Because nowadays it is the information age， you need to know computers， Internet， media and communications Knowing how to use Internet to search information will help your E ************I don't want to waffle too much on Computers are more and more important nowadays， everyone wants a computer and most people have their own But most people are not using the right Operating System for learning E Now I would like to introduce you to Debian Linux Operating system or a much nicer operating system called Ubuntu L If you still don't have a computer you can buy a China's home grown computer based on a Loongson CPU It saves your electricity and your time to deal with Linux will help you to improve your English skills because you need to read some documents and follow the instructions to set up software programs， it also requires you to search the Internet (Google for example) to find the answers to your problems ( installations of software programs)you can read about the commands of Linux in the terminal by putting in "man " ， so then you can read it and try to understand the content which will enable you to carry out the right The whole process of Reading， Understanding and deploying will improve your EWhen you install， do remember to install it as a UK English (Note that this IT section is more for people who take Science and Engineering courses)**********************************************************************Final wordsIt is the time to end this long talk on improving EHow good your English will be will heavily depend on how good your first language So when you go back to China for holidays， you should read as much as you can in Chinese because this will also help your English in a greater *********************************************************************Please note that the above is my own experience， it might not apply to you completely since your learning style could be Please take the advice which is right for I would regret deeply if my experience damaged your learning or wasted your Please look at it This is the third edition of “How to improve your English in full detail (my experience)”， I have made some corrections and changes to the second edition， and I hope that this is useful to I wish you all the best!你应该会用得着
词的理据 众所周知，语言包括语音、词汇和语法三个部分。英国语义学家乌尔曼在承认语言符号的任意性前提下，提出词的理据性，指出每一种语言里都包含一定程度理据的词语。语言的理据是相对其任意性而言，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间有一种自然的联系，两者的结合是有理可据的。词的理据指事物和现象获得名称的依据。本论文通过对词的理据性分析及举例，将有助于外语学习，尤其是对词汇的掌握和理解。词的理据分为：拟声理据、语义理据、逻辑理据。Ⅰ．onomatopoeic motivation 英语中有些词是通过声音的模仿构成的，这种构词称为 Stephen Ullmann把拟声构词分为两种。 1、primary onomatopoeia：鸟兽之类动物的叫声也属于这一范畴例如：Apes gibber Asses bray 2、secondary onomatopoeia：指音与某种象征性的意义发生联想。例如:词的前半部分辅音连缀sl-含有滑(slippery)的意义，如 slide， slip， slither， slush等。Ⅱsemantic motivation 语义理据是一种心理联想，措词义的引申和比喻。以下列举几种： 1、metaphor例如： All the world's a stage．（Shakespeare） 2、metonymy英语中往往用一个词代表整个事件或整个背景，这也是一种借代方式。在现代英美报刊中常见到以地名或国名代表整个事件。例如：The current situation is different from Czechoslovakia in They agreed to put pressure on the negotiations for progress on B Look Back in Anger（John Osborne's play）coincided with rock-'n'-roll， Suez and H 3、synecdoche 例如：以Wall Street（美国纽约市的一条街）代表美国垄断资本，以Bonn代表西德政府 4、analogy 类比构词的特点是仿照原有的同类词创造出其对应词或近似词，类比构词大致可分成以下4种： 1色彩类比 色彩类比主要通过表示不同颜色的词类比出新词新语。如由black list化出 white list和 gray list。 2数字类比 由数字类比构成的词，有的数字不变，只变动被修饰语；如First Mother（指国家元首的母亲），First Family（指国家元首的一家）均系与First Lady这个原形词类比而成如second-strike capacity（指受敌方先发制人的第一次核打击后的核还击能力）由first-strike capacity（先发制人的第一次核打击能力）引申而成； 3近似类比 指类比词之间要有一个近似点，根据这个近似点，推此及彼。例如:gap最早与missile搭配，形成missile gap词组，这词语一经产生，引起了连锁反应；production gap、ration gap等新词相继出现 4反义类比 利用现有的反义词构成新的复合反义词。如由moonlight构成Ⅲ logical motivation 利用传统的逻辑学下定义，把要表达的对象和与之相似的其它对象区别开来。 例句：Ever since the Watergate prosecutors began investigating and found clues that some of these companies had made suspiciously large， undisclosed payments overseas， a probe of multinationals' operations has been 总之，英语不是象我们生活中的别的固有的东西那样一成不变的。所有语言经过一段时间就要变，其变化的原因是无法完全清楚的。除了吸收过去的俚语使之成为正式用语从而丰富语言以外，显然还需要许许多多的新词语来表达现代生活极大的并正在不断增长着的复杂性。这种复杂性是由我们所处时代的社会和技术条件急剧变化而引起的。语言忠实地反映出时代精神。
