优优来来
全国英语一级考试语法知识点如下:
一、情态动词
情态动词不能独立谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。用法列举如下:
1、can
体力和脑力方面的“能力”或根据客观条件能做某事的能力。例如:He could swim when he was seven.
在口语中can可以代替may表示“允许”。例如:Can I use your bike?
在否定句和疑问句中can有时表示说话人的怀疑、猜测或不肯定。例如:This book can’t be hers.
2、may
表示允许、许可或请求。例如:You may go.
表示推测和对可能性的判断。例如:They may go to Beijing next week.
否定式may not意为:也许不,可能不。例如: may not be at home now.
以may开头的一般疑问句,肯定句用:Yes….may,否定句则用:N0….call’t或mustn’t,表示“不应该,不许可”的意思。
3、must
表示必要、,必须。例如:You must be careful !
表示帷测,可能性很大,“一定,必定”的意思。例如: must be at work.
表示“禁止”,“绝对不许做某事”用mustn’t。加强语气时用must riever。例如:
You must riot play football on the road.
回答must开头的问句时,肯定式用must,否定式用needn’t,不用mustn’t。
二、冠词
冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。以下是两种冠词的用法:
1、不定冠词
用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。例如:Pass me an apple,please.
指某人或某物,但不具体说明何人或何物。例如:We work five days a week.
2、定冠词
特指某些人或某些事物。例如:Is this the ship to Wuhan?
指双方都知道的人或事物。例如:Close the window,please.
三、数词
1、表示钟点
整点用一个数字后常加o’clock。例如:6:00读six或读six o’clock.
几点几分,分钟在半小时以内,中间用介词past先说分钟,后说点钟。例如:6:15读a quaner past six
几点差几分,分钟在半小时以上,中间用介词to。例如:6:45七点差一刻读a quarter to seven.
2、表示编号
可以用基数词表示顺序。例如:Row 1,the Bus.
3、表示年、月、日
年代用基数词,在某年用介词in,分两段读写。例如:在1905年in1905读nineteen and five.
在某年某月也用in。例如:在5月in May.
在某年某月某日皆用on。例如:在2013年4月30日on April 30,2013.
扩展资料:
全国英语一级考试(PETS)注意事项:
1、报名时,考生通过填写“报名卡”或以其他形式向报考点上报相关个人信息,并按照规定完成各项手续,根据报考点提供的时间和地点领取“准考证”和“考试通知单”,认真检查相关证件上的个人信息是否准确。
2、在开考的前一天,参考人员最好提前到“考试通知单”上安排的考点熟悉考场。
3、开考前,考生应提前准备好考试专用的黑色签字笔和2B铅笔。4、考试过程中,考生要严格遵守“考生守则”、听从监考人员的安排,若有违反,考试成绩将会被取消。
5、PETS 1B至PETS 4等五个级别的考试具体报名地点由当地省、市、自治区、直辖市的教育考试院或教育考试机构决定,这五个级别以上的考试具体报名地点在全国各WSK考点。
6、PETS考试是不受地域限制的,考生可以跨省跨地区参加考试。
7、考生要注意时间,严格按照规定时间参加考试。笔试从上午8:30开始进入考场,上午8:45之后不得入场。口语考试分上午下午两堂。上午的考试从上午8:30开始进入考场,9:00后不得入场,下午的考试从下午13:30开始进入考场,下午14:00后不得入场。
8、进入考场时,考生要持“准考证”、“考试通知单”、“身份证”(公安户籍部门开具的临时身份证件、能够证明考生身份的证明亦可)或者护照、港澳台地区的居民身份证等有效证件,三证齐全方可参加考试。
为君俏颜
四、状语从句 状语从句也是四级词汇和句法部分考查的重点之一,95年至2000年6月共设考题20题,占10%强。就状语从句而言,主要是根据主从句的关系判断连词的使用。因此,在准备状语从句时,主要任务是弄清楚各种状语从句的连词。 1.时间状语从句的连词 表示时间的连词有when, while, as, by the time, before, after, since, till/until, as soon as,有些名词短语也可以引导时间状语从句,如the moment, the instant, each time,有些是固定句型如:no sooner … than hardly/scarcely …when.在这些连词的使用中应注意 ① as强调同时,也表示“一边……,一边……”,while表示主句动作发生在从句的过程之中,要求从句谓语动词为状态动词或持续性动词,when的使用则比较简单,相当于汉语的“当……时候”。如: Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true ____ it comes to classroom tests. () 四个选项都表示时间,但根据主从句间的关系可以判断答案 为A. ② 注意when的特殊句型 下列句型中when连接的不是时间状语从句,但考试中却常与其它时间状语从句的连词一块出题。 were/was doing something when … were/was about to do something when … had just done something when … 四级考题中不乏对上述结构的考查,如: I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ___ I heard voices. () I felt somewhat disappointed and was about to leave ___ something occurred which attracted my attention. () 这类考题比较简单,只要同学们清楚这一句型,答案则自然可得。 ③ 注意no sooner … than …。和hardly/scarcely …when句中的时态。 ④ 注意not … until 中时间状语可以提前。如 ____ quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home. () 但只要同学们能够辨认not … until 的句法结构,答案也就显而易见。 比较常见的提前方式是将not until…。提至句首,后面用肯定形式,主谓倒装。本题可以改成,Not until quite recently did most mothers in Britain take paid work outside the home.这时,句子采用主谓倒装结构,应注意。 ⑤ 在对名词短语做连词引导时间状语从句时,常与名词构成的其它短语相区别。如: You see the lightening ___ it happens, but you hear the thunder later. instant an instant the instant an instant () 能够引导时间状语从句的是名词the instant,而不是由其构成的介词短语。 ⑥ 注意含有时间状语从句的固定句型,如It won't be long before … 和It is …since两类句型。It won't be long before可以有三个变体,即:It was (not) + 一段时间 + before,It won't be + 一段时间+ before.如95年6月就有对此的考查: Scientists say it may be five or ten years ____ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. 2.原因状语从句的连词 原因状语从句一般由because, since, as, now that, considering that, seeing that连接。对于表原因连词本身的区别考查相对较少,主要是与其它状语从句连词的对比。如: ① ____ you are leaving tomorrow, we can eat dinner together tonight.() ② ____ that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.() 1) 从以上两题可以看出,首先,同学们要根据主从句的语意关系,确定是什么状语从句,然后在进行选择。 2) 注意连词的结构,如2)为Now that的搭配。 3) 注意for, because, since/as的区别。一般说来,for不表示原因,其所连接的是并列句,是一种解释说明,尤其是当用结果来反证原因时。如: He must have experienced something very unpleasant, for he looks so upset. You must try to rid yourself of your carelessness, for it often leads to errors. 4) 注意引导原因状语从句的还可以是considering/seeing that,其用法与since/as相同。如: Considering that he is only a beginner, it is understandable for him to make such mistakes. Seeing that you have come, you may as well stay here for a few days. 3.条件状语从句的连词 涉及到条件状语从句的考查题很多,如时态,虚拟语气等。但从状语从句的概念来讲,这里我们所说的是条件状语从句性质的判断和连词的选择。要求同学们首先能理解主从句之间的关系,确定是条件状语从句,然后在根据各连词的特点进行选择。如: ① I am sure he is up to the job ____ he would give his mind to it.() only case ② We'll visit Europe next year _____ we have enough money.() ③ ____ he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.() soon as well as far as long as 从以上考题来看,就条件状语从句而言,同学们应掌握以下几点: 1) unless与其它连词的差别,unless表示的是If …not …的意思。 2) if only或only if是一种强调的条件状语从句。根据if only 与unless肯定与否定条件的差别,可以判断①题答案为A. 3) provided (that)表示的条件,相当于if and only if,on condition that,如②表示“明年只要有钱,我们就去欧洲。” 4) so/as long as表示条件时一般与其它类似短语一同考查,如③,四个短语都可以连接状语从句,但表达意思有别,考试的目的就是考查同学们对句子的理解能力。 5) 另外注意,引导条件状语从句的还可以是suppose/supposing, in case, once等。 4.让步状语从句的连词 引导让步状语从句的连词很多,但结构差别比较大,比较容易掌握,同学们只要能掌握各连词的结构和语义特点,准确把握主从句的关系,让步状语从句则就不过是一块巧克力。先看一下下列各题: ① I've already told you that I'm going to buy it, ___________. much it costs does it cost much much does it cost matter how it costs () ② ____, he does get annoyed with her sometimes.() much he likes her although he likes her he likes her much as he likes her ③ ____ the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.() if far as only long as ④ ____ their differences, the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other.() for all all for 从以上四级真题我们可以看到对让步状语从句的考查特点:一是让步状语从句与其它状语从句的对比,如③,另一种是让步状语从句连词自身的结构功能,如①②两题。下面我们就一起来看让步状语从句的连词功能: 1) although/though连接让步状语从句,表示“尽管”,从句用直陈语序,与汉语的结构类似。 2) as引导的让步状语从句要求用倒装结构,如②题。可提至句首的有名词、原形动词、副词、形容词等。可数名词单数形式不用冠词。如: Child as he is, he behaves like a grown-up. Fail as he did, he was not disappointed at all. Much as I tried, I failed to persuade him. 3) No matter + 疑问词和疑问词 + ever引导让步状语从句,表示“不论谁”“不论什么时间/地点/方式”等等,从句用直陈语序。由此可以判断上面①题答案为A. 4) For all表示让步时后面可以接从句,也可以接名词短语,后接名词时常与其它类似短语比较,如④。注意接从句: For all that he has a master's degree, I don't think he can outdo me in many aspects. 5) 其它用来引导让步状语从句的还有whether …or, even if, even though,和“动词 + 疑问词+主语+情态动词”,如: Say what you will, he will turn a deaf it's better to keep silent. Doubt whom you may, you shouldn't doubt me. 5.方式状语从句的连词 相比之下,方式状语从句则简单了许多,四级考试中还从未涉及此项。用来表示方式的主要是as 和as if/though.如: I have made the change as you suggested. I remember the whole thing as if it happened only yesterday. 6.结果状语从句的连词 尽管这几年,四级考试中并没有考题涉及结果状语,同学们还是应该了解以下结果状语从句的一些用法。首先让我们先来熟悉一下结果状语从句所在句式: 1) so … that…/ such …。that 该句式中重要考查的是so和such的区别。应注意以下可能出现的结构: so nice a boy that… such a nice boy that… so beautiful/diligent/carefully … that… such (fine weather/great improvement) that… 2) so that Everyone lend a hand, so that the sowing was done in time. 该句式中主要考查so that 与其它短语的区别,如: I took no notice of him, ___ he flew into a rage. that that that that 由于so that也可以引导目的状语从句,同学们应特别注意从句中时态的运用。 3) so much so that 该结构用于形容词或副词之后,表示“到如此程度以致于”。如: He was very weak, so much so that he could not walk. I long to visit Beijing, so much so that I dream about it every night. 4) 注意结构状语从句与too…。to……enough to…, so… as to结构的不同。 7.目的状语从句的连词 目的状语从句是比较常用的,也是比较简单的状语从句。就目的状语从句而言,第一,同学们应该清楚的是引导目的状语从句各连词所表达的语义差别,对于个别的状语从句中的时态要求应有所了解。具体测试中,主要是根据主从句的语意逻辑关系来判断从句的属性。如: ① I was advised to arrange for insurance ___ I needed medical treatment. case that () ② The man mad was put in the soft-padded cell lest he ___ himself. injured injure () 从这两题我们可以看出, 1) 在解答状语从句的试题时,首先是判断主从句的逻辑关系,意思确定了,答案也就有了。如第一题,安排保险的目的是以防自己有朝一日需要医务治疗,而能表达这种目的含义的只有选项C. 2) 注意状语从句中的时态,如lest后常用should + 原形动词,should可以省略,而第二题也正式对这一原则的考查。 3) 注意其它表目的连词的用法,如for fear that表示“恐怕”“以免”等: The workers never complain though they are badly treated for fear that they might lose their job. 8.地点状语从句 表示地点的自然是where或 wherever引导,要求同学们做到的就是在考试中能从上下文中看出从句表地点的特征。如: ① Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded ____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.() ② I have kept the portrait ___ I can see it every day, as it always reminds me of my university days in London.() 这种地点状语从句一般是与定语从句相比较,如上面第一题,也可能与其它状语相比较,如第二题。 9.自我训练 上面我和同学们一起分析了四级考试中对状语从句的考查方式和解题的一些注意事项,下面,请同学们做《语法分册》131-132上的有关题目。 五、名词性从句 名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,在四级考试中所占比重不大,约.在讲解名词性从句的考试方式和答题要素前,让我们先看以下几题: Test Yourself 1) Although Anne is happy with her success she wonders _____ will happen to her private life.() 2) We agreed to accept ____ they thought was not the best tourist guide.() 3) In some countries, ____ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people. () 4) When I try to understand ____ that prevents so many Americans from being as one might expect,it seems to me that there are two causes.() it does it does it is it is 5) They are teachers and don't realize ____ to start and run a company.() it takes takes it they take takes them 6) By success I don't mean ____ usually thought of when that word is used.() is we you is 7) The mere fact _____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.() 8) There are signs ____ restaurants are becoming more popular with families.() which Explanation and Expansion A. 参考答案:1) B 2) D 3) B 4) C 5) A 6) A 7) C 8)A B. 评析 1) 名词性从句的考查主要集中在两点,一是从句的语序为直陈语序,这一点在上面的5)题就有涉及。 2) 另一点则是名词性从句的连词的选择,而其中以what的使用最为广泛,涉及what连词的占5/8. 3) 连词what为缩合连词,相当于all that/ everything that等,而与之经常在同一题出现的which为疑问连词,表示“哪一个?”的概念,that做名词性从句的连词在从句中不做任何成分,也因此经常省略。在解这种题时一是看从句所表达的含义,最重要的是看连词在从句中是否做主语、宾语或表语。 4) 注意whoever 与who的差别。whoever相当于anyone who,而who为疑问连词。但从四级考试来看,更倾向于whoever 与whatever, whichever等的比较。也就是说,测试倾向于句子的理解,而不只是语法规则的记忆。 5) 除what以为,when, where, why也都可做缩合连词来用,考生也应引以注意,如: I still remember when this used to be a small quiet village. Is this where you and yours got robbed the other day? 6) 名词性从句考查设疑的另一点就是从句与非从句的比较,如1)中是否可以用it 或this,3)中是否可以用one等。 7) 同位语从句一般以that为连词者句多,如上面的7)8)两题。这类从句的特点是从句表示与其同位的名词的具体内容,连词that没有任何词汇意义,也没有任何句法功能。
宇宙梧桐
ACT English就是我们所说的文章改错,主要以短文改错的形式出现,每篇短文15道题目,共5篇文章,75道题目,时长75分钟。这项考试考察我们什么呢?如果用一句话概括,就是语法+基本阅读理解能力。ACT文章改错涉及的考点ACT English部分涉及两大内容,一是语法,二是修辞技巧。大约各占50%。* 语法部分1.标点符号(punctuation),包括逗号(comma)、撇号(apostrophe)、句号(period)、冒号(colon)、分号(semicolon)、破折号(dash);2.基础语法和用法(grammar and usage),包括动词(verb)、代词(pronoun)、修饰语(modifier)、习语(idiom)和词汇选择(word choice);3.句子结构 (sentence structure),包括残缺句(sentence fragment)、不断句(run-on sentence)、平行结构(parallelism)、时态(tense agreement)。* 修辞技巧部分1.写作策略(strategy),包括材料增减题(adding & deleting)、作者要求题(fulfill writer’s goal)、具体细节题(specific details);2.文章结构(organization), 包括过渡词句题(transition)、位置选择题(the best placement)、逻辑排序题(logical order)、文章主旨题(closing);3.写作风格(style),包括冗长重复(redundancy)、文章语言风格(tone)。以一段文章举例:The plane has been stripped of all its seat, so everyone is kneeling on the bare metal floor (1)on their knees. The gigantic (2)engines, which on either side catch and roar into action. (3)You now can entertain any second thoughts, the plane has taxied and (4)taken off and is circling upward into the huge cobalt sky. (5)Its headed to an (6)altitude of three thousand . A. NO CHANGEB. down on their kneesC. resting on their kneesD. OMIT the underlined portion and end the sentence with a . F. NO CHANGEG. engines, whereH. enginesJ. engines that3. A. NO CHANGEB. YouC. Then youD. Before you4. A. NO CHANGEB. tookC. had takenD. had took5. A. NO CHANGEB. Its’C. It isD. It was6. F. NO CHANGEG. three thousand feet up in . an altitude of three thousand feet . an altitude of three thousand feet up in the air.解析:1.属于修辞部分的redundancy, everyone is kneeling已经表示on their knees, 所以已经不需要再重复表达。此题选D。2.属于语法部分sentence structure当中的fragment。原句中缺少动词,G选项和J选项变为从句后主句依然缺少动词,所以正确答案是H,the gigantic engines是主语,catch and roar是谓语。3.属于语法部分sentence structure当中的run-on sentence。原句两句话之间缺少连词衔接,then并不是连词,而B选项也没有提供。所以此题选D。4.属于语法部分parallelism, and是平行结构的标志,前面是has taxied, 所以之后是省略has的动词部分,此题选A。5.属于语法部分punctuation和tense的考点。Its表示所有格,而its’是无意义的表达,都不是这句话所表达的意义。C和D是时态的判断,根据上文所给出的时态,这里应该用一般现在时。此题选C。6.属于修辞部分redundancy,考察句子的简洁表达。对比选项可以发现,四个选项表达意思相同,区别在于up和in the air是否应该使用。Altitude表示海拔高度,已经具备了up的意思,而in the air更显得多此一举。所以最简洁的表达方式莫过于F。如何备考* 语法部分句子结构是重点,占语法部分60%以上的比重。考生要做到:1. 各个知识点逐个击破。准确掌握句子基本结构、几大从句的用法,并正确判断常见错误句型。有老师系统讲解,再加上自己查阅语法资料,基本可以建立一个系统的语法知识体系。2. 在综合练习中强化运用。在综合练习中,考察的一个重要能力就是对考点的鉴别,这道题考的什么,怎么判断,这个考点需要注意的有哪些方面。如果能答上来以上问题,那就可以将这道题轻松拿下了。所以,考生要学会的是从选项差异中鉴别考点。3. 整理笔记。有的题目涉及到多个语法点,或者某道题目恰好是你的知识盲点,就需要整理归纳,做出总结。* 修辞技巧部分让很多人既爱又恨的就是这一部分。不涉及语法知识,不需要再火眼金睛地挑语法的刺;可是选项看起来都差不多,又都很长,实在考验人的耐心,备考时我们有以下需要注意的:1. 认真阅读题干,确定题目类型。题目通常包含的要求都体现在一些关键词中,有时是一个关键词,有时是多个。多个关键词的题目难度要稍微高那么一点点,因为一个关键词就意味着一个要求。比如读这道题:The writer wishes to add a sentence that describes the magnitude and expansiveness of the New York City Subway system today. Given that all the following statements are true, which one, if added here, would most clearly and effectively accomplish the writer’s goal?这是一道增加材料题+作者要求题,我们抓住的关键词有add, magnitude, expansiveness, clearly, effectively。也就意味着,我们要同时满足以上要求。听起来很难,但换个角度想,凡是不满足以上任何一个要求的选项都可以立刻被pass掉,岂不是更方便?2. 认真阅读选项。不读到最后一个选项不要轻易做出选择。耐心有限,我懂得。但是选项是比出来的,不是我一眼看中了哪个就一定是它了。3. 选项不是越短越好。没错,我们在语法部分有一个黄金准则,就是答案的简洁性。但是在修辞题目当中,最短的选项却不一定是最好的。还是回到第一点,满足题干的要求的选项才是好孩子。但前提是,这个选项不要有重复信息。
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