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The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
我究竟怎么了555
如何构建合理的企业内部会计控制体系白菊2004年9月26日，中国证监会颁布了《关于加强社会公众股股东权益保护的若干规定（征求意见稿）》，表明我国的公司治理措施正在进一步完善。公司治理是为了保证企业科学决策，是结构和机制的有机集合。内部会计控制作为企业内部的重要控制措施，对完善公司治理结构有着非常重要的意义。一、公司治理结构的性质公司治理结构主要包括如何配置和行使控制权，如何监督和评价董事会、经理人员和职工，如何设计和实施激励机制等，以调整若干在企业中有重大利害关系的投资者（股东和贷款人）、经理人员及职工之间的关系，并从中实现经济利益。通常情况下，公司治理结构的基本构成包括股东大会、董事会、经理和监事会。股东大会作为资产委托人将其财产交董事会代理，并委托监事会进行监督；作为代理者，董事会又将公司财产委托经理层管理。股东大会是最高权力机构，董事会是经营决策机构，经理是决策执行者，监事会是监督机构。公司治理结构是一个多层委托代理、权责分明、相互制衡、相互协调的结构。由此可见，公司治理结构的本质是一种关系合约，是一种控制与激励机制。二、内部会计控制体系的构成及重要性公司治理结构是现代公司制的核心。公司制使所有权与经营权相分离，在这种分离的基础上，经营者有可能利用私人信息的优势谋取个人利益，由于所有者和经营者之间的信息不对称，导致各相关利益主体的地位及其所拥有的信息量的不同，最终决定了契约各方的不对等。公司治理结构涉及到各相关利益方，例如股东、经营者、债权人、雇员、顾客以及社区等等。各相关利益方之间存在着不完备和不对等的契约。内部会计控制体系是为了保护企业资产、检查会计数据的准确性和可靠性而实施的一系列方法、措施和程序的总和。其实质是内部会计制度的有机组成部分，是为了确保公司合法合规经营、控制财务舞弊、提高经营效率和效果。内部会计控制体系包括五个基本要素:控制环境、风险评估、控制活动、信息和沟通、监督。在现代公司治理结构中，内部会计控制体系有着极其重要的地位，是公司治理结构的核心。公司治理结构在本质上首先是一种关系合约，包括签约、履约、计量和评价、再签约的一系列过程。会计系统完成这一系列过程中的计量和评价工作，作为一个控制系统，是公司治理结构中非常重要的一环。会计报告削弱了股东与董事会之间的信息不对称，会计收益数字可以作为经理经营业绩的考评依据。内部会计控制体系有助于建立和完善符合现代管理要求的内部治理结构，形成科学的决策及执行和监督机制。内部会计控制体系强化风险评估和管理，确保公司稳健经营，所以，内部会计控制体系是公司治理结构的核心。三、企业内部会计控制体系的构建及作用在公司治理结构中，企业内部会计控制体系的设计与建设应该充分考虑企业公司治理的要求。公司治理结构在经营权与所有权分离的基础上，处理企业各利益关系方之间的关系，其目标不是各利益关系方的制衡，而是通过对这些利益关系方的制衡使企业作出科学的决策，提高经济和社会效益。公司治理结构分为外部公司治理结构与内部公司治理结构。内部公司治理结构通过股东大会、董事会、监事会等发挥作用；外部公司治理结构通过资本市场、经理人市场和商品流通市场等发挥作用，建立合理有效的内部会计控制系统需要综合考虑多方面的因素。1.构建内部会计控制的依据内部会计控制体系的构建应充分依据国家有关法律、法规、内部会计控制理论及企业的实际情况。具体的法律法规依据有《会计法》、《审计法》、《公司法》、《企业会计准则》、《企业会计制度》、《内部会计控制规范———基本规范（试行）》、《内部会计控制规范———货币资金（试行）》以及《企业财务通则》等。这些法律法规紧跟社会的发展，充分体现了我国企业公司治理的要求。每个企业都有其自身的特点，存在着不同的情况，例如有的企业有董事会内部人控制的现象，而有的企业不存在这种现象。因此，在构建企业的内部会计控制系统时，除了依据统一的法律、法规外，还要依据各企业的自身特点。每个企业应该根据各自的业务流程、组织机构特点和控制目标，充分发挥控制功能的作用，组织建立起适合本企业的内部会计控制体系。例如，企业的融资结构决定了在构建企业内部会计控制体系时应充分考虑股东、债权人与企业经营者之间的权利与信息的制衡，保证企业能够以最佳状态运行。企业应该依据本企业所在的资本市场、经理人市场、商品流通市场、董事会、监事会以及股东大会的实际情况设计内部会计控制体系。同时，企业还要明确经营性质、隶属关系、组织机构设置、部门职责分工、经营目标与方针、产品性质以及资金来源等情况。这样，企业的内部会计控制系统才能够向企业外部和内部提供可靠的信息，完善企业的公司治理。2.内部会计控制体系设计、执行与监督机构内部会计控制体系的设计、执行与监督机构的安排和运行效果非常重要，它直接决定了内部会计控制体系的成败。公司治理结构决定了各机构在内部控制体系中所具的位置。各级机构的职责与工作应该充分体现公司治理结构的要求，以达到有效制约、平衡各利益关系方的目的。即使是高度自动化的作业，企业的成就主要还是要依靠职工的素质。因此，任何内部会计控制制度的成功与否将主要取决于其设计水平和高素质的人员的贯彻执行。企业内部会计控制体系的设计应该由有丰富会计和管理经验、对企业情况非常熟悉并且具有相对独立性的人或机构来运行，并广泛征求各机构意见。不同机构在企业内部会计控制体系中发挥不同作用，形成各自之间的制约。企业必须指定机构定期或不定期地进行内部会计控制体系的检查，监督内部会计控制体系的政策和程序是否得到有效执行，是否产生应有的效果。内部会计控制系统中的监督机构一般可由内部审计机构负责。内部审计师的检查旨在评价制度设计的效果及其实施的有效程度，并向公司最高管理部门提出报告，从而保证内部控制制度更加完善。内部审计机构对内部会计控制体系的正常运作起到了保驾护航的作用。企业可以根据公司治理结构的需要决定内部审计机构的隶属关系。内部审计机构可以隶属于董事会、总经理、财务部以及监事会等机构。如果企业内部审计机构不健全或根本未设内部审计机构，企业可以充分利用社会资源，委托中介机构或专业人员对企业的内部会计控制体系进行监督。3.内部会计控制报告内部会计控制报告是反映企业一定时期内内部会计控制体系的政策、方针、内容、方法和效果的书面文件。美国证券交易委员会（SEC）1979年拟定并发布了强制公司对其内部会计控制体系提出报告的文件———《管理阶层对内部会计控制的报告书》。英国和我国台湾地区对此也有类似的要求。内部会计控制报告表示企业对其实行内部会计控制体系情况的申明，使各利益相关方能更及时地了解企业的情况，促使企业经营者重视企业内部会计控制体系的完善，使企业内部会计控制体系更加科学化、规范化和制度化。企业借此可以降低风险，提高经营效率，降低信息不对称。内部会计控制报告有利于企业及证券市场的有效运作。内部会计控制报告有利于进一步保护注册会计师，对企业公司治理结构有着非常重要的意义，使经营者明确自身的责任。在内部会计控制报告中，应该包括企业内部会计控制体系的依据、内容、方法、报告涵盖的时间及必要的保证等内容。董事会有必要在内部会计控制报告上签字盖章。建立良好的内部会计控制体系有利于企业公司治理结构的完善，以有效地解决一些企业内部管理不足、控制薄弱和贪污腐化等问题。良好的内部会计控制体系应该同时具备成本低和效益高的特点，真正发挥其在公司治理结构中的核心作用。完善的公司治理结构是增强企业竞争力的重要保证，内部会计控制与公司治理结构相互作用，才能更加有效地促进企业的发展，削弱信息不对称性的影响，以保护投资者特别是社会公众投资者的合法权益。■
优质会计资格证问答知识库
