warrants会计

权益性融资指的是股权性的融资，不包括债权性的。其产生的费用就是权益性融资费用，如发行费，中介费，付给证券商的费用，其他税费等等。权益性融资主要包括公开发行融资、换股并购和以权益为基础的融资。(1)公开发行融资。即企业运用发行新股或向原股东配售新股所得的价款为并购支付交易价款。选用此种方式,主要应考虑股东认购资金来源的资金成本,增资扩股对其股东控制权的影响,增资扩股对每股收益、净资产收益率、每股净资产等财务指标产生的不利影响等。(2)换股并购。即以公司股票本身作为并购的支付手段付给被并购方。通常根据换股方式的不同又可以分为增资换股、库藏股换股、母公司与子公司交叉换股等等。换股并购相对于现金并购而言,具有其自身的优势：换股并购使得收购不受并购规模的限制；并且通常会改变并购双方的股权结构；可避免大量现金短期流出的压力,降低了收购风险；另外还可以取得税收方面的好处。但换股并购的运用也有其弊端这是换股并购在我国上市公司收购中运用尚不广泛的主要原因之一。(3)以权益为基础的融资。主要包括反向回购、股权划出、员工持股计划等。反向回购与股权划出在我国现阶段都有一定的法律法规限制。而员工持股计划(ESOP)虽然本身并不是一种收购的融资方式,但它具有独特的融资机制。在实行ESOP过程中,其中由公司担保,向银行或资产经营公司申请专项贷款购股的方式即杠杆化的ESOP,在国外被广泛采用,值得借鉴(见图)。

从考试内容比重来看，FSA、Equity、Corporate Finance以及Fixed Income占分较多，考生应侧重学习。FSA部分在实际考试中很强调对不同accounting method的理解，其中LIFO、FIFO的对比，Revenue recognition方式的使用范围及对Financial ratio的影响。Operating/Capital lease财务比率对比等内容每年必考。FSA部分是CFA考试通过的关键，如果时间和精力有限，建议从这部分先开始看。Corporate Finance在学习过程中由于知识点较为连贯，是CFA一级考试比较容易拿分的部分，建议考生牢固掌握WACC、DDM、CAPM等知识重点，保证考试时的答题正确率。

会计准则解释2号首先,同时发行A股和H股的上市公司,应利用会计政策和会计估计?答:内地企业在香港会计准则和财务报告准则等效实现,同时发行A股和H股的上市公司,除了一些长期资产减值损失关联方披露,以及回到两者的区别,对于相同的事务应该在A股和H股在财务报告使用相同的会计政策和会计估计使用相同的确认、计量和报告可能不是在A股和H股的财务报告使用不同的会计处理。第二,购买子公司少数股权在子公司应如何处理?企业或其分支机构进行企业重组和相关资产和负债应该如何调整账面价值?(一)母公司购买子公司少数股权形成的长期股权投资应当按照“企业会计准则第2号——长期股权投资,”第四条的规定来确定他们的投资成本。母公司在编制合并财务报表,由于购买少数股权的新长期股权投资按照新的所有权应该有权按比例分配的基础从购买日本的子公司(或合并)开始计算的净差额资产的比例应该调整权益的所有者(资本盈余),更少的稀释资本储备,调整留存收益。这些规定仅适用于本法规定发布后发生的一个子公司购买少数股权交易发生之前,购买子公司少数股权的处理的事务没有按照上述原则,没有追溯调整。(B)的企业的企业重组应评估以确认的资产、负债的价值,成本,成本区别他们的账面价值,业主的权利和利益应调整;企业进行企业重组的子公司,母公司应该一般按照“企业会计准则第1号解释说,“有关规定子公司确定长期股权投资的成本,长期股权投资的成本,账面价值之间的差额应当调整权益的所有者。第三,合资公司的业务应该包括在合并财务报表的合并范围?答:根据《企业会计准则第33号——合并财务报表”,资助企业其他投资者,连同实施共同控制的投资单位应占权益法,使用的比例合并法不应使用。然而,按照有关法规,如协议可能被投资企业实施控制装置的投资,投资应该被包括在合并财务报表的合并范围的单位。第四,发行企业债券和股票期权交易分离的可转换债券,股票期权会计应如何处理?答:这个问题的公司债券和股票期权交易分离的可转换债券(以下简称分离交易可转债),其股票期权,“企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》”和“企业会计准则没有。37 -金融工具表示,“定义工具相关的权利和利益应与交易按照可转换债券发行价格,减去没有权证和其他条件都相同的公司债券的公允价值之间的差额后的权益,确认工具(资本公积)。的规定,该企业已经发布的问题,之前的分离交易的可转换债券,它应该追溯调整。第五,建筑施工企业经营转移(BOT)参与公共基础设施建设业务应该做的吗?答:建筑施工企业经营转移(BOT)参与公共基础设施建设业务处理应按照下列规定:(一)本规定应参与BOT业务同时满足下列条件:1。合同授予政府及其部门或政府授权进行招标公司。2。合同为投资者按照程序获得特许经营合同的企业(以下简称投资一边的合同)。投资者按照合同提供了建立项目公司(以下简称项目公司)实施项目的建设和运营。除了建设项目公司获得正确的基础设施,基础设施建设完成后一段时间负责提供服务的后续操作。3。特许经营合同用于基础设施建设、质量标准,项目开始运营后,后续的服务费用和同意做出调整,同时合同到期,投资者有一个合同将移交给相关的基础设施奖的合同的义务,在转移的基础设施的性能,如国家明确表示。(B)的机器人和业务相关的收入确认。1。在施工过程中,项目公司提供施工服务应按照“企业会计准则没有。15 -施工合同”,确认相关的收入和费用。基础设施工程项目完成后,公司应按照“企业会计准则没有。14 -收入”,后续确认和相关服务营业收入。建造合同收入应该收集由于价格或公允价值,分别和之后的情况确认收入、金融资产或无形资产确认:(1)合同的条款基础设施完成后的一定期限内,项目公司可以无条件地从奖的合同来确定数量的钱收集基金或其他金融资产;项目或公司操作在其服务费用低于一定数量的限制奖合同按照合同条款将负责项目公司相关差异的补偿应确认的收入识别金融资产的同时,按照“企业会计准则第22号——金融工具确认和计量》,”的规定来处理。(2)合同的条款项目基础设施公司业务完成之后的一段时间有权访问的服务费,但电荷量的不确定性,这种权利并不构成一个无条件的权利获得现金,项目公司应确认的收入的无形资产同时认可。在发生过程的建设贷款利息,应该按照“企业会计准则第17号——借款费用”的规定。2。项目公司没有提供实际的施工服务,基础设施建设合同,对方不应该承认在施工服务收入应依法支付流程的建设项目,如价格考虑合同的条款被确认为金融资产或无形资产。(C)依照合同条款,对于企业,基础设施保持一定的服务或者能够授予合同移交侧使用之前保持某种状态支出预计将发生,它应该符合“企业会计准则第13号——或有一种“法规。(D)在特许经营合同,项目公司不应该只提供服务(如提供两个基础设施建设和提供的服务完成后操作和服务),服务可以区分个体,收集其应收账款,或它的价格应该按照服务的相对比例的公允价值分配给不同的服务提供。(E)机器人业务的基础设施项目的建设不应作为公司的固定资产。(F)的业务,可以向BOT项目公司提供基础设施除了其他资产,如果这些资产构成一项资助,用于满足合同价格,政府不应该被用作拨款来处理。自项目公司授权访问的资产,他们的公允价值应确认,没有提供访问资产和相关服务应该被认为是一种责任。这个版本的规定,企业已经被执行的BOT项目,它应该追溯调整;追溯调整不可行,应根据BOT和业务相关的资产、负债在报纸上上市最早的开始时间根据帐面价值的重分类为一种金融资产或无形资产减值测试在同一时间;中陈述的第一期的开始为减值测试不可行,应在当期进行减值测试开始。第六,售后租回交易是经营租赁应该如何处理会计吗?答:业务的售后租回交易是经营租赁应单独处理在下列情形下:(一)有确凿证据表明售后租回交易是按照公允价值达成的,售价和区别的资产账面价值应包括在当期损益。(B)售后租回交易如果不是按照公允价值达成的,价格低于公平价值之间差别的损益应包含在当前时期,但损失将低于市场价值的未来租赁付款额补偿、损害赔偿应递延(递延收益),确认成本租金按照租赁周期方法分享;如果价格大于公允价值,公允价值大于其各部分应包括在递延收入和租金分享期。Accounting Standards interpretation No. 2First, at the same time to issue A shares and H shares of listed companies, should the use of accounting policies and accounting estimates?A: Mainland enterprises in Hong Kong accounting standards and financial reporting standards equivalent to achieve, at the same time to issue A shares and H shares of listed companies, with the exception of some long-term asset impairment losses related party disclosures, as well as back to the difference between the two, for the same transactions Should be in the A shares and H shares in financial reporting using the same accounting policies and use the same accounting estimates are confirmed, measurement and reporting may not be in A shares and H shares in the financial reports using different accounting treatment.Second, the purchase of subsidiary companies minority ownership stake in a subsidiary should be on how to deal with? Enterprises or its subsidiaries to carry out corporate restructuring and related assets and liabilities should be how to adjust the book value?A: (a) the parent company to buy a minority stake in a subsidiary formed by the long-term equity investment should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 2 - long-term equity investment," the provisions of Article IV to determine their investment costs.The parent company in the preparation of the consolidated financial statements, as a result of the purchase of a minority stake in the new long-term equity investment made in accordance with the new ownership should be entitled to a pro-rata basis from the purchase of a subsidiary of Japan (or on the merger) began to calculate the net difference between the share of assets Should adjust the rights and interests of owners (capital surplus), less dilutive capital reserve, retained earnings adjustments.These provisions apply only to the provisions of this occurred after the release of a subsidiary to buy a minority stake in transactions that have taken place prior to the purchase of a minority stake in a subsidiary of the transaction have not dealt with in accordance with the above-mentioned principle, no retroactive adjustment.(B) of the enterprise's corporate restructuring should be assessed in order to confirm the assets, liabilities and the value of that cost, the cost difference between their book value, the owner of the rights and interests should be adjusted; enterprises to carry out corporate restructuring, a subsidiary of the parent company It should be generally in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 1 explained that" the relevant provisions of the subsidiary to determine the long-term equity investment costs, the cost of long-term equity investment and the difference between the book value should adjust the rights and interests of owners.Third, a joint venture for the business should be included in the consolidated financial statements of the scope of the merger?A: In accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 33 - the combined financial statements", funded enterprises to other investors, together with the implementation of the jointly controlled by the investment units should be accounted for using the equity method, the ratio of the merger law should not be used. However, in accordance with the relevant statute, such as an agreement that can be invested enterprises on the implementation of the control unit of investment, investment should be included in the consolidated financial statements for the unit's scope of the merger.Fourth, to issue corporate bonds and stock options trading separation of convertible bonds, the stock option accounting should be how to deal with?A: The issue of corporate bonds and stock options trading separation of convertible bonds (hereinafter referred to as the separation of trading convertible bonds), with its stock options, "Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 22 - recognition and measurement of financial instruments" and "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 37 - financial instruments presentation, "defined tools related to the rights and interests should be separated from the transaction in accordance with the convertible bond issuance price, minus without warrants and other things being equal the fair value of corporate bonds after the difference between the rights and interests of a confirmation Tools (capital reserve).The provisions of this enterprise has been released prior to the issue of separation of trading of convertible bonds, it should be retroactive adjustment.Fifth, construction enterprises operate transfer (BOT) to participate in public infrastructure construction business should do?A: The construction enterprises operate transfer (BOT) to participate in public infrastructure construction business should be dealt with in accordance with the following provisions:(A) of this provision should be involved in the BOT business at the same time meet the following conditions:1. Contract awarded to the government and its departments or government authorization to carry out the bidding companies.2. Contract for the investor in accordance with the procedures to obtain the franchise contract enterprises (hereinafter referred to as the investment side of the contract). Investors in accordance with the contract provides for the establishment of the project company (hereinafter referred to as the project company) to carry out the project for the construction and operation. In addition to the construction of the project company to obtain the right infrastructure, infrastructure construction after the completion of a certain period of time to be responsible for providing services to the follow-up operation.3. Franchise contract for the construction of infrastructure, quality standards, the project to begin operating after the service, follow-up charges and agreed to make adjustments and at the same time the contract expires, the investor has a contract would be handed over to the relevant infrastructure Award of the contract's obligations, and in the transfer of infrastructure performance, such as the state made clear.(B) of the BOT and business-related revenue recognition.1. During the construction, the project company for the provision of construction services should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 15 - the construction contract," confirmed related income and expenses. Infrastructure following the completion of the project company should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 14 - income," the follow-up to confirm and related services operating income.Construction contract revenue should be collected due to the price or fair value, respectively, and the situation following the confirmation of income, financial assets or intangible assets identified:(1) the terms of the contract after the completion of the infrastructure of a certain period of time, the project company can unconditionally from the award of contracts to determine the amount of money to collect funds or other financial assets; projects or companies operating in the fees for its services below a certain limit The amount, to award the contract in accordance with the terms of the contract will be responsible for differences related to the project company's compensation should be recognized in the income recognition of financial assets at the same time, and in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 22 - recognition and measurement of financial instruments," the provisions of To deal with.(2) the terms of the contract projects in the infrastructure company following the completion of the business of a certain period of time have the right to access to the service charge, but charge the amount of uncertainty, that right does not constitute an unconditional right to receive cash, Project company should be recognized in the income of intangible assets recognized at the same time.In the event of a process of the construction loan interest, it should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 17 - the cost of borrowing" of the regulations.2. Project company did not provide the actual construction services, infrastructure construction contract to the other side should not be recognized in the construction services revenue should be paid in accordance with the process of construction projects, such as price to consider the terms of the contract were recognized as financial assets or intangible assets.(C) in accordance with the terms of the contract, for enterprises so that the infrastructure to maintain a certain service or the ability to award contracts handed over to the side before use to maintain a certain state expenditures are expected to occur, it should be in accordance with "Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises No. 13 - or There are a matter of "regulations.(D) Under the franchise contract, the project company should not only provide a service (such as the provision of both infrastructure construction and services provided after the completion of the operation and service), the service can distinguish between individual, to collect its receivables, or the price of It should be in accordance with the services of the relative proportion of the fair value allocated to the various services provided.(E) BOT business by the construction of infrastructure projects should not be used as the company's fixed assets.(F) in the BOT business, may grant to the project company to provide infrastructure in addition to other assets, if the assets constitute a grant to meet the contract price, the Government should not be used as grants to deal with. Since the project company to grant access to assets, their fair value should be confirmed, did not provide access to the assets and related services should be recognized as a liability.The provisions of this release, enterprises have been carried out by the BOT project, it should be retroactive adjustment; retroactive adjustment is not feasible, should be based on BOT and business-related assets, liabilities listed in the newspaper as early as the beginning of the period based on the book value of re-classification As a financial asset or intangible assets, impairment tests at the same time; in the presentation of the beginning of the first period for impairment testing is not feasible, should be carried out in the current period beginning Impairment tests.Sixth, sale and leaseback transactions as operating leases should be how to deal with the accounting?A: The business of sale and leaseback transactions as operating leases should be dealt with separately under the following circumstances:(A) there is conclusive evidence that the sale and leaseback transactions in accordance with the fair value is reached, price and the difference between the book value of assets should be included in current profit and loss.(B) the sale and leaseback transaction if it is not in accordance with the fair value reached, the price lower than the fair value of the difference between profit and loss should be included in the current period; but the loss will be lower than the market value of the future lease payments of compensation, damages should be Deferred (deferred income), and confirmed with the cost of rent in line with lease period methods for sharing; if the price is greater than fair value, fair value is greater than its parts should be included in deferred income and rental Sharing period.

Quantitative Methods：定量分析在一级里重要性不言而喻，在后续的科目学习里（Fixed income\Economics\Equity\ FSA\Derivatives）到处都能见到它的影子，这里要清楚CFA一级的考试定位Understanding the basic concepts.也就是说这里只需要记忆一些基本的公式就可以，一些很复杂的公式和算法其实根本就不需要，比如年金的贴现公式，还有SKEW和Kurtosis的计算，二者的公式都比较复杂，但是考试题目会问特性和用计算器进行计算，不需要在草稿纸上演算，这也是CFA考试和一些国内较难的财经考的区别，CFA考试其实考的是对概念的深度理解还有运用，而不是机械的记忆，所以一级定量复习的重点我们要把握计算器的使用还有统计学和假设检验的T\Z\F分布的图形特点还有概率计算的深度含义，里面需要记忆的公式不超过10个，但是考试会用一些长难句把简单的概念复杂化，隐藏起基本概念，这里在考试的时候同学们常常忽略。Economics: CFA一级的经济学难点还是在于逻辑推理，虽然考试中会直接考察书里面的重要结论，而且有时候问法还比较直接，但是这里大家千万不要进入一个误区，那就是我背了结论就好了，因为我们考试的时候是考察CFA的10个科目，那么经济学作为里面的一个模块，我们是否能记住里面的很多细节还有结论呢？这里显然也是需要大家对一些基本的经济学图形推导进行记忆和理解的。尤其是宏观经济学的总供给还有总需求线，还有微观经济学里面的成本收益法分析四类市场和市场行为分析，这里的结论很多，但是大家如果能对基本的推到过程理解，那么结论自然我们自己可以得出。Financial Reporting Analysis: 财务报表分析这里其实大家只要把握住一个基本的线路就可以了，首先就是理解每一项业务的基本处理方式，这里不需要记忆T账户的记录法，而是 只需要记忆一项会计业务对资产负债和利润表有个大体的影响就够了。再次就是需要理解一项会计业务的处理在不同会计准则下会对指标产生怎么的影响，作为分析师，要怎么去处理优化这些影响，以上的步骤就是二级财务分析的具体思路了。还FRA在一级的复习里属于难度最高的一门课，尤其是里面的income tax and Lease，这两章比较困难，对于刚刚学习CFA的学员来说，看起来可能比较晦涩，在复习的时候要多注意理解，千万不要去记忆一些指标的增减。Corporate Finance: 公司理财在CFA一级里所占比重不大，一级的公司理财所需要理解和记忆的概念比较多，NPV和IRR 决策系统同样可以忽略，更需要理解的是NPV profile，这个图非常的重要，因为毕竟里面涉及了很多有关概念还有知识点，公司理财的复习策略是一定要和财务分析相结合，一级里的营运资本管理还有存货管理，应收账款管理，复习到这里的时候，我们一定要结合财务（比率、每种资产的性质）进行复习，这样才能有的放矢。Equity : CFA一级的权益类资产评估难度不高，关键在于背诵一些概念，权益这章在一级复习里很简单，而且所占权重也不低，与经济学相比，背诵在这一章具有很高的本益比，背诵的重点在于证券市场基本知识、产业分析那两个章节，后面的模型分析，其实也是重在对公式的理解还有把握，计算题出得很简单，这里要说明的是，一级的权益类估值其实是二级的基础，里面很多都是一个粗略框架的介绍，所以这里很多公式是不需要大家背诵的。Fixed income : 固定收益在CFA一级的复习中难度仅次于财务分析，原因在于这一门课要求大家进行大量的记忆（债券产品介绍）还有概念的深度理解（各种产品的特性，还有就是利率风险），以及计算（久期和凸性，Z-spread, OAS，债券估值，还有就是远期利率），所以一级债券类产品的复习时建议多花一点时间进行研读，记忆的重点在于每种债券产品的性质比如一般的债券可以拆分为若干N-1期零息债券，还有就是inverse rate bond与利率的关系，政府债券的分类还有性质，还有就是TIPS和名义利率的关系等等。遇到计算，要注意理解，也不要去背公式，比如Z spread其实考察的就是利率曲线的平行移动，那么考试其实所需要计算的就是分母都加上一个X，计算X就可以了，这样理解可以省去很多记忆的麻烦，还有就是计算远期利率了，这里的理解其实就是几何平均数的概念，把钱放在银行定期三年和不停的滚动存取其实是一样的，这样在计算的时候，就能在头脑里对公式有个大概的印象，而不需要对债权累估值公式进行死记硬背。Portfolio Management and derivatives: 证券组合管理和衍生品在一级的学习里所占比重不大，这两章记忆性概念很少，都是需要深度理解公式的含义的。二者的复习重点是试着推导公式，比如资产组合管理是怎么从马格维茨的均差分析法到后面的证券市场线，理出一个头绪，衍生品交易中期权是如何定价的，上限和下限又是用什么逻辑关系推导出来的，每种套利平价关系后面隐藏着什么样的交易步骤，推导一遍后，对于很多公式我们都不需要死记硬背了。

CFA一级重点考试科目比重：一、CFA一级考试的科目为：道德与职业行为标准(Ethics and Professional Standards)定量分析(Quantitative)经济学(Economics)财务报表分析(Financial Statement Analysis)公司理财(Corporate Finance)投资组合管理 (Portfolio Management)权益投资(Equity Investments)固定收益投资(Fixed Income)衍生工具(Derivatives)其他类投资(Alternative Investments)CFA一级考试各科目比重分析：1.数理方法(比重12%，难度B)一上来首先应该看这门，这章会详细说到计算器的用法，这样看后面几门也会方便些，这门注意下什么是MAD，CV，连续复利计算，critical value，p-value，两种假设检验的错误，4种抽样方法的不同，parametric tests 和unparametric tests，还有年金的计算就差不多了。不过要小心年金的计算，是不是先付年金等等，这边计算起来还是要格外小心的2.经济学(比重10%，难度B-)个人认为是CFA1级里最简单的一门，可能在第一轮准备的时候并不觉得，不过真到最后就会发现，其它科目知识点虽然简单但是庞杂得很，只有这门，只要抓住精髓，考试的时候简直是轻松的很。这门需要注意：什么是MC，MB，MP，MRP，等各种M的东西，所有者和消费者surplus部分要认真理解下，何为资源分配的有效，各种事情对surplus，MC，MB的影响，对于各种曲线，分清楚长期和短期，公司和行业，线移动的因素，何处交点为最佳，何处交点最有效，何处是surplus，各种效应，D，MB，MR的关系，wage rate的准确含义，还有一个很重要的就是LAS，SAS和AD的影响因素(这点几乎是这门后半部分的精髓3.财务报表分析(比重20%，难度E)没悬念的，这部分是CFA课程的重点也是难点，再怎么强调多多复习这部分也不为过!!!主要知识点有：Session 7 主要讲的IFRS 和 U.S. GAAP在不同情况下的区别，还有各种statements的元素构成。Session 8 就是集中在Income statement, Balance Sheet, Cash flow statement 和 各种Ratio analysis。这一章节需要注意知识点是Revenue & Expense recognition, Basic and Dilute EPS, Goodwill; Trading, Holding to maturity and Available for sale securities, 然后cash flow statement中重点要会Direct & Indirect method, 以及两者之间的相互转化。Ratio analysis中需要注意ROE中Basic & Extended DuPont equation以及四大Ratio: Activity, Liquidity, Solvency and Profitability ratios。Session 9 这部分是个硬骨头，真的不好啃，知识点也是灰常灰常集中。ⅰ. Inventories这一小节中，需要懂得inventory valuation method 在IFRS和GAAP两种准则下的库存定价方式，然后是FIFO/LIFO对报表中四大ratio的影响，接下来就要熟练地将基于LIFO会计假设的报表数据转化成基于FIFO的情况，了解LIFO reserve 和 LIFO liquidation.ⅱ. Long-lived Assets中首先要了解Capitalization & Expense 对net income, stockholder’s equity, cash flow 以及对四大financial ratios的影响，然后就是software development and research & development，Depreciation method, Asset retirement obligation对ratios的影响。最后要注意的就是虚幻的goodwill了，Impairment of goodwill。ⅲ. Income Taxes, 这一部分重点是在各种情况下学会判定deferred tax asset 和 deferred tax liability。ⅳ. Long term Liability and leases这一小节是极度繁琐，首先公司发行premium and discount bond对各种ratios的影响，convertible debts and debts with warrants。在Lessee一方看来，operating和finance lease对各种财务数据的影响，然后，在lesser一方看来，sale-type and direct financing lease, operating lease对financial ratios和cash flows的影响。最后，off-balance-sheet financing，footnotes disclosures.尤其需要认真掌握注意的点有：各种计价方法，LIFO和FIFO，2个lease，资本化和费用化，回购和分股利，折旧和摊销，存货，无形资产，长期资产revaluation model，折旧方法，tax rate的变化，折价和溢价债券，funded status，几种改变现金流的方法，3种security的会计处理，GAAP和IFRS的区别，这些都是财报的重中之重，常常会把这些东西的变化和替换与财报上的科目和比率的变化联系起来，大家要注意~~4.公司金融(比重8%，难度C)相比我们南财金融专业大三学的那本《罗斯公司理财》，CFA1级的公司金融部分简直是小儿科，通篇就强调了个资本成本的问题，什么MM定理根本连影子都没找到，本门注意下在进行capital budgeting时什么是算的，什么是不算的，pro-forma financial statements在deficit和surplus两种情况下的处理方式，什么情况下IRR和NPV用的多~总之这门考得也很少，难度也有限。5.投资组合管理(比重5%，难度C+)其实这门呢，个人觉得考试的时候还是蛮难的，知识点在我们南财金融专业大三学的《证券投资学》里几乎都谈到了，本身notes上讲的倒也不难，不过貌似做到sample，mock还有最后考试时还是蛮难的，可惜也就5%的比重，没什么大不了的啦~~这门重点就是CML和SML，另外就是sharp-ratio，M平方，关于Treynor measure和Jensen‘s alpha最好还是记一下它们的公式，虽然不好记，但狗血的是我这次考试竟然考到了，然后我果断蒙了一个。。。6.权益投资(比重10%，难度C+)注意什么是information efficient，allocation efficient，operationally efficient，ABS和ABM的不同，另外一大重点就是权益定价的几种方式，这个还是要好好看看的，此外，有效市场理论在我们学的《证券投资学》里也讲得差不多了，不难的~~7.固定收益证券(比重10%，难度C+)注意：赎回问题(call)的两种方法，yield curve和price-yield curve的区别，N种风险的区别以及影响因素(重点)，MBS，MPS和CMO的掌握，各种收益率的计算也是这门的重中之重，注意收益率是不是默认的按一年的算，如果遇到半年的怎么和一年的进行转换，是spot还是forward，关于再投资风险的深刻理解，此外还有久期，不过不难~~8.衍生品投资(比重5%，难度D)这部分就是要理解具体该怎么结算(小心细节)，如何提前结束合约，重点是期权部分，期权的定价不要求理解，但肯定要背得的，考试几乎必考~~9.其它类投资(比重5%，难度E)就正常看看notes吧，考试的时候难起来看再多遍notes也不会做，不过才5%，所以没关系~~~~10.道德(比重15%，难度D)道德这部分啊，也是CFA的重点和难点了，而且每一级都要考，着实要命，据说有着道德不过50%正确率，其它部分再高不能过的“谣言”，总之除了财报，就该好好看看它了，道德一方面题目较长，对于英文不太好的同学来说是个小挑战，考试都是进行案例分析，问你这个是违反了准则还是没啊，是违反几条啊，违反哪条啊，所以，不管看不看道德手册。