Hexe留恋不往
环境会计的创立与研究的实证分析环境会计体现了当前我国及世界许多国家和地区所倡导的科学发展观，即不单纯以GDP来衡量社会发展绩效，而是强调经济与社会的协调发展，在发展经济的同时，人类的生存环境和福利也应得到改善和提高。环境会计又称绿色会计，它是指把与经济活动有关的环境与自然资源问题纳入经济核算体系，进行相关的确认、计量和报告，并对环境资源的耗费提供有效的补偿[1]。环境会计和研究是随着全球环境自然资源问题日益恶化以及公众的环境意识不断增强而兴起的。笔者将回顾新兴的环境会计研究现状，指出今后的重要研究方向。一、环境会计产生的历史背景1972年在斯德哥尔摩召开的“人类环境会议”可以算作是国际范围内对环境问题反思的正式开始，此后环境问题受到前所未有的关注。1987年世界环境与发展委员会发表了长篇报告《我们共同的未来》（又称“布伦特兰报告”），该报告首次提出可持续发展的定义，在报告的第二章“走向可持续发展”的起首就提出：“可持续发展是既满足当代人的需要，又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展”[2]，可以说，可持续发展是人类发展战略的根本变革。到1992年6月联合国历史上空前的一次“地球首脑会议”—联合国环境与发展大会在巴西的里约热内卢召开，《里约宣言》、《21世纪议程》以及《森林问题原则声明》三个框架文件在会上得到一致通过。《21世纪议程》要求各国制定并组织实施相应的可持续发展战略、计划和政策，迎接人类社会面临的共同挑战。可以说，1992年环境与发展高峰会议标志全球环境运动时代的到来。而环境运动的高涨则使环境会计作为一个学科分支应运而生。二、环境会计建立的标志任何一个学科或研究领域都会经历其萌芽、建立、发展和稳定这一系列过程。作为一个学科或研究领域，目前坏境会计处于创始阶段，但其萌芽阶段可以说是从20世纪70年代起。以1971年比蒙斯(F.A.Beams)在《会计学杂志》(Journal of Accounting)上发表的文章《控制污染的社会成本转换研究》，及1973年马林(J.T.Marlin)的文章《污染的会计问题》为代表，开创环境会计研究的先河[3]。然而，环境会计学的思想根源可以追溯到福利经济学的创始人庇古(A.C.Pigou)，他在1920年出版的《福利经济学》(The Economics of Welfare)一书中，提出应当根据污染所造成的危害对排污者征税，用税收来弥补个人成本和社会成本之间的差距，使两者相等，这种税被称为“庇古税”[4]。可以说这种税是首次提出的管理环境的经济手段。一个学科或研究领域的创立总是有一定的标志的。考虑到环境会计的特点，其创立既要有代表性的理论突破，又应有实务应用方面的进展，而且环境会计应是贯通宏观与微观两个领域的。它的创立应在这两方面或至少其中一方面有所突破。笔者通过对最近10余年环境会计及相关学科的文献检索及文献分析，提出环境会计作为一个学科或研究领域在20世纪90年代逐渐形成，其标志在以下3个方面：1.H.T.Odum编著的Environmental Accounting于1996年出版。这部著作的内容是环境核算和计量[5]。在这部著作中，首次提出用能值(emergy)作为衡量环境资源价值的标准，并对各种环境资源的计量提出了一系列的数学模型。由于会计计量是会计的核心，研究和实施坏境会计最大的难点，解决的最重要的问题就是非市场价值的环境资源计量和核算问题，但这涉及到复杂的理论、模型和核算。而H.T.Odum则以专著形式首次系统地对此作了探讨，尽管其理论性强，没有论及微观会计实务问题，但具有超前性，毕竟是首部环境核算方面的里程碑式著作，可以作为环境会计建立的一个标志。2.环境会计的第一份国际指南正式发布。1998年2月召开的联合国国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组第15次会计讨论通过了《环境会计和报告的立场公告》，这是一份关于环境会计和报告的系统完整的国际指南[6]。可以说，是环境会计在微观层次上的一个重要进展，使企业处理环境和自然资源的会计问题有了基本的指引。故笔者把它作为环境会计创立的一个标志。3.联合国“环境与经济综合核算体系”(System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting,SEEA)的提出及新国民经济核算体系(’93SNA)的颁布。联合国“环境与经济综合核算体系”于1992年提出[7]，它代表了目前经济核算与环境核算一体化方面的最高水平。而1993年颁布的联合国《国民经济核算体系》则增加了环境核算的附属框架—即该书的第21章：附属分析和附属账户，这样，’93SNA就形成了一个“国民经济核算的核心账户＋卫星（附属）账户”的格局[8]。这是目前环境核算宏观领域的最大进展，其提出的一整套概念和方法将推动微观领域环境会计的研究和实施。可以说，SEEA和’93SNA建立了环境会计的初步理论体系，是环境会计于20世纪90年代建立的一个重要标志。三、环境会计的研究现状分析目前环境会计研究包含了相关的学科内容，其中关系特别密切的是宏观社会会计、社会责任会计、环境经济学以及作为理论基础的可持续发展理论。笔者仅就环境会计及其相关方面的研究状况进行实证分析。利用中国期刊网， 以“环境会计”为关键词搜索，从1994年起截至2004年4月8日，共检出论文492篇，涉及刊物134种。文章探讨的内容包括多方面，其中，环境会计的内涵、实施意义等一般性论述文章307篇；国外环境会计介绍42篇；环境会计计量23篇；环境会计信息披露19篇；环境管理33篇；环境审计31篇；其他37篇。利用Elsevler SDOS英文电子期刊数据库，同样以environmental accounting（环境会计）为关键词检索，共检索出符合条件论文679篇，涉及刊物95种，包括会计类刊物《国际会计学杂志》(the International JournaI of Accounting)，《会计、组织与社会》(Accounting,Organization and Society)，《会计学与公共政策杂志》(JournaI of Accounting and Public Policy)，《国际会计、审计与税务杂志》(JournaI of International Accounting,Auditing and Taxation)，《管理会计研究》(Management Accounting Research)，《英国会计评论》(British Accounting Review)等；环境管理生态、环境经济方面的刊物如：《生态经济学》(Ecological Economics)，《环境影响评价述评》(Environmental Impact Assessment Review)，等等。论文研究探讨的内容则非常广泛，且论文一般较长，对研究的主体一般都有深刻和透彻的论述。比较国内外环境会计研究文献可以看出，国外环境会计研究既有理论方面的研究也有实务方面的研究，而且研究的范围非常广泛，包括环境会计计量和核算、可持续发展理论及福利的衡量、公司环境绩效及环境会计信息披露的案例研究、资源产品价值量化的理论和方法、环境会计报告等；而国内大多数环境会计论文主要集中于论证环境会计的基本概念及其在我国实施的必要性和重要性，极少案例研究，处于跟踪国外研究的阶段。国外环境会计研究不仅题材广泛，而且多为实证分析研究；而国内环境会计研究普遍为规范性研究。目前环境会计方面的热点研究领域，如非市场价值的生态环境计量，环境资源纳入国民经济核算体系（宏观社会会计）以及可持续发展理论，其主要研究者或作者集中于环境生态学工作者、环境经济学者、政策制订者。这一方面，表明了环境会计作为一个学科还不成熟，其研究还未广泛地向会计实务界扩展。另一方面，则对传统会计工作者和研究者提出了新的要求，他们不仅要关注经济增长，更要关注经济与环境协调和可持续发展，这也印证了前面作者关于环境会计处于创始阶段的判断。四、环境会计热点问题及今后的研究方向建立坏境会计有效反馈的环境资源管理信息系统，对于整个社会资源的合理配置，实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展将起着保证作用。理论和实务的研究将为环境会计的实施提供条件。成熟的理论研究将会降低环境会计的实施成本。根据环境会计的研究现状和趋势及我国的特点，以下4个方面的研究，将成为环境会计的研究热点：1.微观环境会计核算的研究。微观会计体系中包括对环境事项的确认、计量和报告等会计程序的理论和技术问题。这方面的研究工作，目前进行得很少，但它却是关系到环境会计能否在微观主体中实现的核心问题，因此，它将成为今后的一个热点研究领域。2.环境资源现状和动态的环境会计规范体系研究。环境会计规范是关系到环境会计实施的制度性保证。包括了法律规范体系，准则规范体系和道德规范体系三个方面。3.特定资源产品环境成本内在化研究。环境成本内在化是环境会计的根本特征，通过环境成本内在化，消除外部不经济性，资源的耗费得到有效的补偿，可持续的发展才会成为可能。但环境成本内在化涉及到整个国家众多资源产品及服务价格体系的改变，关系到诸多行业及干家万户，如水资源的环境成本内在化，将使价格体系发生重大的变动。目前不少地区已适度上调水价把超定额用水的部分环境成本纳入水价中。由于人们的收入水平也在稳步上升，故对民生的冲击并不太大。但总的来说，环境成本内在化应稳妥地进行，宜选择一些资源产品进行试验，取得经验再推广，这就需要研究先行。目前这方面的研究正方兴未艾，今后仍将是一个热点研究领域。4.各国环境会计的比较研究。不同国家环境会计研究现状、会计核算和报告中对环境事项的要求等方面的比较、公司环境报告(corporate environmental reporting)、环境审计等方面的理论和实务做法，对于我国研究和实施环境会计将有重要的借鉴作用，故这方面的研究亦将成为一个热点。[参考文献][1] 何少娟.宋献中.环境会计核算及相关问题探讨[J].重庆工商大学学报（西部经济论坛），2003,(5):84-87.[2] 世界环境与发展委员会／王之佳.柯全良译.我们共同的未来[M].长春：吉林人民出版社，1997.[3] 朱彤.略论绿色会计[J].会计之友.1997,(4):6-7[4] 张帆.环境与自然资源经济学[M].上海：上海人民出版社，1998.[5] ODUM HT.Environmental Accounting-Energy and Environmental Decision Making.New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc 1996[6] 陈毓圭.环境会计和报告的第一份国际指南—联合国国际会计和报告标准政府间专家工作组第15次会议记述[J].会计研究.1998,(5):1-8.[7] United Nations Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting. In: Handbook of National Accounting, Interim Version(Draft). New York: United Nations Publications. 1992.[8] 联合国／国家统计局国民经济核算司译.国民经济核算体系—1993[M].北京：中国统计出版社，1995.
爱逛DP的小吃货
Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally， while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds， and specifically for corporate governance， decision-making accounting information in a discipline.As we all know， with the continuous development of the economy， financial accounting in the management， decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly， the financial accounting of quality， a direct impact on the managers， operators， investors and the public interest， but also affect the company's economic， social image and social credibility， and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise， that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise， and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet， income statement， cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting， business conditions and results for effective financial analysis， not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity， but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks， pros and cons of corporate capital structure， so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions， with minimal risk， the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time， you can also find some essential issues， in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant.What is the accounting?For many years the popular saying，accounting is accounting，scores and accounting.Ancient China "accounting" arising out of the Western Zhou Dynasty，mainly referring to the activities of the income and expenditure records，inspection and supervision.In the Qing Dynasty scholar Jiao Xun "Mencius justice"，a book on the "will" and "dollars" for the general explained:"it is sporadic in terms of the total cost-effective it will，" it is necessary to carry out the accounting for the individual accounts，individual accounts should be integrated，comprehensive accounting system.Accounting concept:Accounting is the currency as a major units of measurement，using a series of specialized method，the economic activities of enterprises continuous，systematic，comprehensive and integrated accounting and oversight and based on this analysis of economic activity，forecast and control to improve the economy the effectiveness of a management activities.How to be a good accountant? In recent years accountant is such a boom that many people are eager to it. Then how to be a good accountant? In the first place a good accountant must have strong technical skills which is the most important.In the second place a good accountant must be careful and have a strong sense of responsibility for his or her job. Besides a good accountant should develop wide relationship with some people who own abundant skil knowedge in order to widen your knowledge. What's more a good accountant should own the ability learning new knowledge by yourself so that you can adapt the fluxion. The last but not the least a good accontant also should have good professional ethics which is indispensable.Accounting ethics is primarily a field of applied ethics， the study of moral values and judgments as they apply to accountancy. It is an example of professional ethics. Accounting ethics were first introduced by Luca Pacioli， and later expanded by government groups， professional organizations， and independent companies. Ethics are taught in accounting courses at higher education institutions as well as by companies training accountants and auditors.Due to the diverse range of accounting services and recent corporate collapses， attention has been drawn to ethical standards accepted within the accounting profession. These collapses have resulted in a widespread disregard for the reputation of the accounting profession. To combat the criticism and prevent fraudulent accounting， various accounting organizations and governments have developed regulations and remedies for improved ethics among the accounting profession.The nature of the work carried out by accountants and auditors requires a high level of ethics. Shareholders， potential shareholders， and other users of the financial statements rely heavily on the yearly financial statements of a company as they can use this information to make an informed decision about investment. They rely on the opinion of the accountants who prepared the statements， as well as the auditors that verified it， to present a true and fair view of the company. Knowledge of ethics can help accountants and auditors to overcome ethical dilemmas， allowing for the right choice that， although it may not benefit the company， will benefit the public who relies on the accountant/auditor's reporting.Accounting is an economic management. In the non-commodity economy accounting directly for property and materials management in commodity economy because of commodity production and exchange of commodities economic activity in the property and materials are a form of value performance accounting is used form of value the management of the property and materials. If accounting is an information system and mainly focused on corporate and external information users then that is an economic management accounting activities was mainly within the enterprises the. History and reality the accounting is social production develops to a certain stage of the product development and production is to meet the needs of the management especially with the development of the commodity economy and the emergence of competition in the market through demand management on the economy activities strict control and supervision.At the same time the content and form of accounting constantly improve and change from a purely accounting scores mainly for accounting operations external submit accounting statements as in prior operating forecasts decision-making on the matter of economic activities control and supervision in hindsight check. Clearly accounting whether past present or future it is people's economic management activities.i will introduce my major .my major is accounting in xxx university.and my major，which lays more stress on practical use， seems to be at the end of it.when both of them interact well enough，the discovries and theories in biology science can be soon turned into products in all of the modern industry.four years’ university education gives me a lot of things to learn，a lot of chances to try，and a lot of practices to improve myself.it teaches me not only what to study and how to think，but also to see the importance of practical ability (such as doing expriment as much as possible). in the university life，i have made many good friends.they help me improve my study and research ability， do ererything just like a man，and often give me good example to follow.
梦想成真罗
nature在财务报表中是类型的意思。
nature可以用来表示物的本质，特征，性质，用作不可数名词，也可用来指人或动物的“天性脾气，性格”等，可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。
nature作“类型，种类”解时，用于单数形式，可与不定冠词连用。
in nature用于疑问句、否定句或包含最高级的句子中，以加强语气，表示“在世界上，究竟，事实上”。
辨析
nature, description, kind, sort, type
这组词的共同意思是种类。kind在多数情况下可以和sort或type互换，但当指生物学的类属或者种类时，只能用kind; type所表示的“种类”有典型性，多指那些界限非常明确，且有明显类似之处的一类。
例如：
There are four basic types of blood.有四种基本血型。
sort表示“大体上属于同类的”，有时含有轻蔑之意。
例如：
How did you get this sort of ideas into your head?你的脑袋里怎么会有这种想法？
description与nature也有kind的意思，但description指叙述或描述的一类。
例如：
He is a person of that description.他就是那种人。
鸭梨山大痕
给我汉字 Funds are the lifeblood of our ability to operate normally, while the fund management has become the core content of corporate governance. Finance and Accounting is exclusively through certain technical means and methods of accounting for funds, and specifically for corporate governance, decision-making accounting information in a discipline. As we all know, with the continuous development of the economy, financial accounting in the management, decision-making in an increasingly important role. Accordingly, the financial accounting of quality, a direct impact on the managers, operators, investors and the public interest, but also affect the company's economic, social image and social credibility, and therefore the process of socio-economic operations irreplaceable status. Enterprise Management is designed to achieve maximum benefits in the enterprise, that is a great honor to bring to the enterprise, and the various enterprises will realize the healthy and sustainable development. Business operations and financial condition is through the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and reflected. The accounting department directly through the corporate accounting, business conditions and results for effective financial analysis, not only to promote enterprise managers can quickly understand how much of the current corporate profits and the level of debt capacity, but also can be found Enterprise The size of the risks, pros and cons of corporate capital structure, so that the operators use many aspects of the enterprise to make the right decisions, with minimal risk, the most healthy financial position to achieve the maximum profit the best. At the same time, you can also find some essential issues, in order to improve management to provide the basis of some relevant
优质会计资格证问答知识库
