西安采购工程师培训

在省建设人才培训中心和市建设定额站培训机构培训考证。土建工长（施工员）及土建预算员（造价员）与质检员、材料员、安全员、质检员、试验员、测量员合称为建筑八大员。报考地点一般是省市城乡建设管理机关指定的建设人才培训机构。报考要求条件：考生年龄在18-55周岁，具有高中（相当于）或职业高中、中专以上学历，身体健康，从事相关岗位管理工作满一年，自愿从事建设职业的企事业单位职工，社会青年或应届大、中专毕业生均可参加报名培训及考试。 为进一步贯彻国务院、住房和城乡建设部关于规范职业资格证书的精神，确保行业证书颁发的规范和统一，规定自2009年9月10日起，废止建设行业以前颁发的其他各类证书，一律启用由住房和城乡建设部统一印制、中国建设教育协会颁发的《住房和城乡建设领域专业技术管理人员职业培训合格证书》。此类证书由中国建设教育协会统一管理，任何机构或个人不得自制或翻印。二、开考专业施工员（工长）、质检员、材料员、资料员、安全员、监理员、全国监理工程师三、报名条件高中、中专以上文化程度，相关专业在校大中专学生均可报名。四、课程设置施工员：土建、水暖、电气三个专业质检员：土建、水暖、电气三个专业。 专业基础知识（建筑构造与识图、力学与结构的基本知识、其他相关知识）专业管理实务材料员：专业基础知识（建筑材料、建筑识图与构造、施工机具与周转材料、建筑施工基础知 识）专业管理实务安全员：专业基础知识（建筑材料与构造、建筑力学与结构、建筑工程施工技术）专业管理实务资料员：专业基础知识（建筑识图、建筑构造、建筑材料、施工与施工组织管理）专业管理实务监理员：专业基础知识（监理员专业相关基础知识、建设工程质量、投资、进度、安全控制、合同法）专业管理实务全国监理工程师：建设工程合同管理，建设工程质量、投资、进度控制，建设工程监理，理论与相关法规，建设工程监理案例分析。造价员报考：报考人需携下列资料到管辖市、县建设造价管理机构报名，有的培训，委托当地定额站，也有委托当地的城建学校组织培训。预算员（造价员）培训（土建类）学习内容：1、预算员基础知识。建筑结构、建筑力学、建筑材料、建筑识图构造、建筑施工组织设计基础2、预算员专业知识施工定额、建筑工程预算定额、定额计价、工程量清单计价、工程定额工程量计算、建筑工程概算、工程结算与竣工决算 03G101、CAD软件和广联达软件等课！造价员技能及合格岗位职责要求：1、能够熟悉掌握国家的法律法规及有关工程造价的管理规定，精通本专业理论知识，熟悉工程图纸，掌握工程预算定额及有关政策规定，为正确编制和审核预算奠定基础。2、负责审查施工图纸，参加图纸会审和技术交底，依据其记录进行预算调整。3、协助领导做好工程项目的立项申报，组织招投标，开工前的报批及竣工后的验收工作。4、工程竣工验收后，及时进行竣工工程的决算工作，并报处长签字认可。5、参与采购工程材料和设备，负责工程材料分析，复核材料价差，收集和掌握技术变更、材料代换记录，并随时做好造价测算，为领导决策提供科学依据。6、全面掌握施工合同条款，深入现场了解施工情况，为决算复核工作打好基础。7、工程决算后，要将工厂决算单送审计部门，以便进行审计。8、完成工程造价的经济分析，及时完成工程决算资料的归档。9、协助编制基本建设计划和调整计划，了解基建计划的执行情况。

除了造价员 其他的在西安建设厅 造价员西安工程造价管理站

美媒根据《美国制造业回流指数》笃定：美国将在2025年实现超84%的美国企业部分或者全部回流其制造业务。我个人认为，大选将至，美国现任总统又拿前任总统的业绩来画饼了。

美前总统上台后，致力于重振美国制造业，他提出了一系列的政策和计划。围绕着推动制造业回流，在贸易、税收、监管等方面进行调整，希望重新将具有竞争力的产业引回美国。

他采取各种手段保护本土生产者，比如惩罚中国进口货物加征关税，谈判美墨加北美自由贸易协定，以及退出跨太平洋伙伴关系等等。此类行动助力美国的制造业变得更具吸引力，并使本土公司不再仅仅只考虑成本优势去外包生产。

他枪枪打中我们中国的痛点，比如：禁止华为购买芯片、禁止华为使用安卓系统、导致华为在市场占有率短暂位列世界第一后，急剧下降。画饼让台积电等芯片代工企业赴美建厂，让世界所有芯片代工企业都捏在美国手里。禁止先进光刻机对华出口，导致中国芯片设计发展，止步3纳米。惩罚中国高校，让中国高端制造业人才无法出国留学和正常回流。

他提出减少企业税负、疏解运营及生产过程中的各种阻碍，同时使企业更容易获得财政资金支持。这不仅让美国企业将制造业回流国内，甚至还吸引了一部分中国企业赴美建厂。他提出政府采购美国优先，这又促使一部分产品的生产在美国形成完整供应链。

美国的所谓制造业回流其实本身就是一张大饼，有很大的行业局限性。在美国制造业中，一些高技术含量或高附加值的产业相对容易回流，如航空、汽车、芯片、计算机等行业。这些行业具有技术密集性、创新能力强以及对资本、人才、技术等方面的需求大等特点。

而在一些劳动密集型的产业，例如轻工业、纺织业等，则面临着更大的困难。这是因为劳动密集型行业的生产成本过于依赖于廉价劳动力，如果要回流，成本将显著上升，难以维持当地竞争力。此外还需要考虑到供应链、设施建设等问题，以及长途跋涉可能引入风险和延迟等问题。

选民之所以支持制造业回流，是希望能够获得工作岗位，但是美国搞的所谓制造业回流，产生的岗位其实和大多数学历水平一般的美国人没有任何关系。

美国现任总统在制造业回流上几乎没做任何事，他采取的行动几乎没有任何的创见，就是躺在前任总统的业绩上。他的“万亿美元的经济刺激计划”，其实就是因为出现通货紧缩，不得不向市场投放资金。因为通货紧缩，美国的就业岗位不仅没有增加，反而因为企业经营困难而有所减少。

他提议的“提高公司税率和加强打击假冒伪劣货物等措施“号称是保护本土制造业，其实就是一个口号，美国正常法制运行下，这些工作本来就要进行。但是，加税的做法，让很多赴美建设工厂的企业大呼上当。

所以，这个时候美媒说制造业回流取得成效，歌颂美现任总统的业绩，其实是前总统的。为了选票，拿前任的业绩来画饼和前任总统，继续竞争马上来临的选举，也是有点滑稽。

According to the "US Manufacturing Reshoring Index," . media is convinced that over 84% of American companies will partially or fully reshore their manufacturing operations by 2025. Personally, I think that with the presidential election approaching, the current . president is boasting about the achievements of the former president again.

After taking office, the former . president was committed to revitalizing American manufacturing and proposed a series of policies and plans. He made adjustments in trade, taxation, regulation and other areas aimed at promoting reshoring of manufacturing, hoping to bring competitive industries back to the United States.

He took various measures to protect domestic producers, such as imposing tariffs on Chinese imports, negotiating the USMCA free trade agreement between the United States, Mexico, and Canada, and withdrawing from the Trans-Pacific Partnership. These actions helped to make American manufacturing more attractive and led domestic companies to no longer only consider cost advantages when outsourcing production.

He hit the pain points of China, such as prohibiting Huawei from purchasing chips and using the Android system, which caused Huawei's market share to decline rapidly after briefly ranking first in the world. He invited TSMC and other chip foundries to build factories in the United States and brought all chip foundries in the world under America's control. He prevented advanced lithography machines from being exported to China, causing China's chip design to stagnate at 3 nm. He punished Chinese universities, making it difficult for top-notch talent in China's high-end manufacturing industry to study abroad and return home normally.

He proposed reducing corporate tax burdens, eliminating various obstacles in the operation and production process, and making it easier for businesses to obtain financial support. This not only allowed American companies to reshore manufacturing domestically, but also attracted some Chinese companies to build factories in the United States. He proposed government procurement with "Buy American" priority, which promoted the formation of a complete supply chain for some products in the United States.

The so-called reshoring of manufacturing in the United States is actually a big pie with significant industry limitations. In the US manufacturing sector, some industries with high technology content or high added value are comparatively easy to reshore, such as aviation, automotive, semiconductor, computer and other industries. These industries have characteristics such as technology intensity, strong innovation ability, and large demand for capital, talent, technology, etc.

However, in some labor-intensive industries, such as light industry, textiles, they face greater difficulties. This is because the production cost of labor-intensive industries is too dependent on cheap labor. If they want to reshore, the cost will significantly increase, which will be difficult to maintain local competitiveness. In addition, supply chain, facility construction and other issues need to be considered, as well as risks and delays that may be introduced by long-distance transportation.

The reason why voters support reshoring of manufacturing is to obtain job opportunities, but the jobs created through the so-called reshoring of manufacturing in the United States actually have nothing to do with most average-educated Americans.

The current President of the United States has done almost nothing to bring back manufacturing, and his actions have been largely uncreative, relying on the achievements of the former president. His $ trillion economic stimulus plan was simply a response to deflationary pressures that required market intervention. However, due to deflation, employment in the United States not only did not increase but actually decreased due to ongoing difficulties in business operations.

His proposal to "raise corporate tax rates and strengthen measures to combat counterfeit goods" is purportedly designed to protect domestic manufacturing, but is actually just a slogan. These are works that should have been carried out under normal legal procedures in the United States. However, the practice of raising taxes has left many enterprises that intended to build factories in America feeling deceived.

Therefore, when the American media praises the effectiveness of bringing back manufacturing, they are essentially singing the praises of the achievements of the former president, not the current one. Claiming credit for the achievements of the previous administration in order to win votes and compete in the upcoming election is somewhat ridiculous.