贝贝哈拉
Foguang Temple The Foguang Temple is located on a slope of 32 kilometres to the north east of Wutaixian County , amidst a grove of trees. Construction be-gan during the northern Wei dynasty (471-499)m and the most famous of its halls, the Hall of the Great Buddha, is in a style unique to the Tang dynasty. It is the oldest wooden structure now extant. The hall stands on a high platform and consists of seven bays and measures 32 metres in height from the platform surface to the top of the ridge-end ornament. This magnificent wooden structure is decorated with murals of faces and figures. Foguang Temple was damaged in 845 during the Fifth Year O? the Reign of Wuzhong of the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt in 857 by Emperor Xuan Zhong of the Tang dynasty. Since it has under-gone renovation and reconstruction throughout the long history, so that only the existing primitive and simple and hexagonal Zhu Shi Pagoda (Founder of Buddhism) dates from the Northern Wei dynasty . ( In 845, Emperor Wu Zhong abolished Buddhism and burned down Buddhist temples including the Foguang Temple. After Xuan Zhong succeeded to the throne , the first thing he did was to restore Buddhism and rebuild Foguang Temple, also known as the Temple of Buddha's Halo. The temple of Buddha's Halo included : the Hall of the Great Buddha ( the Eastern Hall ), the Wenshu () Hall, the Shanmen Gate (Lokapala), the hall of Kasyapa , Wan Shan Tang Hall, Xiangfeng Huayu Building, wing-rooms and grottoes. All are masterpieces in ancient Chinese architecture. Now there are many Tang Dynasty statues, murals of faces and figures , stone (round or hexagonal)pillars with Buddhist inscriptions, inscriptions of Chinese calligraphy and white marble sculptures . Accompanied by the Wei and Tang dynasties stone sculptures , tombs , pagodas in and out of the temples they have been treasured in and out of China. The Hall of the Great Buddha , the main building, was built in the Tang Dynasty. It's plain and solemn in shape. On the gates and beams there are still many insc-riptions by the people of Tang and other dynasties. According to the inscri-ption on the stone pillar in front of this hall and inscription on the wall in-side the hall, the Hall of the Great Buddha was built in 857. As mentioned in the last paragraph, the hall stands on a high platform and consists of -seven bays with a totalspace of 677 square metres. Massive brackets are used under the caves. The various parts are so well-proportioned as to give the whole struc-ture and appearance of grandour and solidity. The brackets, the beams and the caissoned ceiling in the hall are neatly constructed and gracefully designed , so these structural parts serve also a decorative purpose. This hall is , indeed, a supreme work of art. It is a representative work of the Tang wooden framework architecture. In the hall, there is a spacious platform with three Buddhas and some attendants and consecrate Bodhisattvas on it. Sakyamuni is in the middle and two disciples b-eside. The other two Buddhas are Maitreya and Amitabha, Manjusri riding a lion is or the right and Samantabhadra on an elephnant on th left. In the ends of tne altar stand two giant Skt. Lokapalas. All of these statues are well proportioned and simply moulded. Although they were repainted by the other dynasties, the sculpture style of Tang Dynasty can still be seen on them. In the south of the Buddhist altar, a statue of a middle-aged womwn of Tang Dynasty, who was the benefactor of rebuilding the Hall of the Great Buddha,was vividly carved,with a serious and noole manner. The murals greatly remained in the Hall are mostly related to the religion. A longmural about 450cm long and 66cm high are divided into 3 distinct groups. In subject,matter the wall paintings of the central group centre on Jataka, fables and tales about the previous existence of Sakya-muni , containing murals of Skt. Avalokitesvara, Mahasthanaprapta and Bodhisa-ttvas . The other groups on both sides centre on Skt. Manjusri and Skt. Samantabhadra followed by worshipping Bodhisattvas , and Apsaras in the form of marching to a meeting. Donators are found on both sides, the northern ones in monk dress, the southern common . Technically speaking, these three groups of murals are as important as those of the Dunhuang Grottoes. The wall paintings back of the statue of tne Main Buddha depicted Skt. Loka-pala , , dragons and monkey. The images were depi?ted with light and forceful strokes followed the style of Wu Daozi, something like his picture entitled "Combing the Hills ". They also have a unique style of their own. They are the only earlier mural in the existing Chinese wooden framework architecture. Another hall is Wenshu() Hall, the architectural feature of which is less pillars were used. This is a model of ancient reducing pillar buildings. Built in 1137 during the 15th year of the Reign of Tian Hui of the Jin Dynasty , it is in the form of single eaved hip roof type, measuring 7 bay in width , 4 bay in depth. It has an elegant yet dignified appearance which marks it as the rarest specimen of ancient Chinese wooden architecture. On the top of the hall there is a glazed Pagoda. The whole tower has a simple but dignified appearance in beautiful color. It was built in 1351. The feature of the Jin architecture is unusually represented here. The inclined bracket set for Pu Zhuo under the eaves are especially large which is another feature of Liao and Jin Dynasties architecture. In the centre of the Temple of the Giant Buddhais is the statues of Skt. Manjusri and his six attendants in handsome complexion. TheseJin Dyasty relics are well decorated. Carved on the lower part of the entire walls are the Five Hundred Luohan dated from 1426-1435 during the Reign of Xuen De of the Ming front of the Temple of the Giant Buddhais is a Tang Dynasty stone pillar pagoda inscribed with sutras and the llth Year of the Reign of Da Zhong when the Temple of Giant Buddha was constructed. The other stone pagoda shape with sutras stands in the yard within the temple gate dated from 877 in the Fourth Year of the Reign of Qianfu of the Tang Dynasty . Pagoda is important part of Foguang Temple complex. On the left side of the Temple of the Giang Buddha is a two storeyed hexagonal structure pagoda. It is built entirely of brick. Inside the building, the upper is solid, the lower part hollow. Its pillar is decorated with Indian styled lotus known as Zhu Shi Pagoda , it evidenced the cultural exchange between India and China and dated from Northern Wei or Northern the side of the Fo Guang Temple there are six Tang or Jin Dynasty tombs. The 1230 year old Wugou Jinguan Pagoda was built in the period of Tian Bao reign of the Tang dynasty. The lotus throne upon which the Buddha sits is painted with white lime and covered with colored picture and lotus flowers in dark red and yellow color. It is the only specimen among the existing styles of temples. Besides, a similar form once appeared in the Dunhuang Grottoes paintings of mural. Relics of Foguang Temple is the cream of Tang's flourishing Buddhist culture and art. It is a treasure house of our national culture. Foguang Temple has been opened to the public.
剪刀手七七
考试由笔试与现场考试两部分组成，笔试采取机考方式进行，笔试科目为：政策法规、导游业务、全国导游基础知识、地方导游基础知识（科目一、二、三、四）。现场考试科目为：导游服务能力（科目五），若考英文导游，则为英文口试。
科目一、二合并为1张试卷进行测试，总分100分，考试时间为90分钟。科目三、四合并为1张试卷进行测试，总分100分（其中科目四占比不少于50%），考试时间为90分钟。
笔试每个科目65题（30题单选，35题多选）因为都是选择题，完全可以买本教材自学。
面试的内容主要包括景点导游词讲解和考生基本技能及应变知识的掌握。导游词讲解范围一般会在考试大纲中给出具体要讲解的景点名称，需要用英文进行讲解；导游词讲解完之后，考官会问你几个问题，你要根据所学的进行解答，问题是在所考的5个科目中的内容。部分省份还有中译英和英译中的考查。面试的英文导游词讲解部分会有难度，在考试前建议报个班提高下。
成绩是要以总分，笔试，面试分别划定分数线，都过线了才通过。
布鲁凡迪克思琪
长城是世界闻名的奇迹之一，它像一条巨龙盘踞在中国北方辽阔土地上。它是中国古代劳动人民血汗的结晶，也是中国古代文化的象征和中华民族的骄傲。我们汽车奔驰在八达岭高速公路上，马上就要进入景区了。前面的山被称为军都山，八达岭长城就盘旋在军都山上。而汽车行驶的这条路就位于20公里长的关沟中，关沟因有古代著名的关口居庸关而得名。我们可以看到前面的宏伟建筑便是居庸关。居庸关是万里长城的一个重要关口，建于明朝，关城设有南北两门，门外均有瓮城。古建筑早已毁坏，经过近几年的修复，才使古关重现昔日的风采。居庸关内有一著名的汉白玉石建筑，名为云台，它是元朝至正二年即1342年间的一座过街塔的塔基。台上明朝又在此处建了一座泰安寺，也于1702年被火焚毁，最后只留下这个塔基。云台是我国现存最早、最大的一座过街塔的塔基，也是元代石构建筑的重要实物，具有较高的文物价值，现被列为全国重点文物保护单位之一。两旁的山上，过去是苍松翠柏好云遮雾障，禽鸟和鸣，溪流淙淙，处处充满了诗情画意。金代著名的燕就八景之一“居庸叠翠”就指的是这里。可惜被明弘治十三年即1500年的一场山火焚毁殆尽。近几年虽然在这一地区投入了很大力量植树，但由于缺少雨水，历史上的景观已难再现。同时由于修路等人为因素，已往关沟中流传的七十二景，如：穆桂英点将台、仙人桥、弹琴峡等也只能听人讲，不能见其景了。为了让大家对长城有个更好的了解，我现在把有关长城的知识向大家作一介绍。任何事物的发展都有一个过程。长城也不例外。中国的长城起源于春秋战国，大约在公元前7世纪前后。那时候诸侯争霸，为了保护自己的领地不受侵犯，他们纷纷修筑了长城，那时的长城都在各自的边界上，是一段一段的，可以叫“互防长城”。秦始皇于公元前221年吞并六国，统一中原，建立了封建王朝。为了加强统治，防止北方游牧民族的侵扰，秦王朝投入了巨大的人力物力来修筑长城。他们把原来北方燕、赵、秦三国长城连接起来，重修加固，又扩充了许多，修起了一道西起临洮东到辽东延绵万余里的长城。这就是中国历史上第一道万里长城。汉朝的时候，又把秦长城向西延长到盐泽，也就是现在新疆的罗布泊地区。汉长城长1万多公里，是中国历史上修筑长城最长的朝代。到了明朝，也是长城发展的最高峰，工程浩大、建筑技术精湛是中国历史上独一无二的。保存至今，仍然完好的长城，绝大多数是明朝修筑的。需要提醒的是，在中国的历史上不光是秦、汉、明等汉族统治者修筑长城，像北魏、北齐、北周、东魏、金等少数民族的统治都也都修筑过长城，而且金朝修筑的长城长达2500公里，是少数民族修筑长城最长的朝代。细算起来，从春秋战国到明朝经过二千多年的时间，先后有20多个诸侯国和封建王朝修筑过长城。这些长城长短不一、纵横交错，分布在我国的17个省、市、自治区。如果把历朝历代修筑的长城加起来总长度可达十万余里。真可谓“上下两千年，纵横十万里”。有人做过粗略的计算，假如将各个朝代修筑的长城所用的砖石、土方堆起来，修成一道高5米，厚1米的大墙，那么这道大墙可绕地球10周有余。我们今天要参观的八达岭长城就是明代修筑的。它建筑宏伟，防御设施齐全，是万里长城的精华，也是明长城中最杰出的代表。讲到这里，有人不妨要问，明朝为什么要在八达岭地区修筑如此坚固的长城呢？这主要是八达岭的地理位置决定的。它不仅起着护卫明王朝皇陵的作用，同时也是京城的西北门户。大家过一会可以看到八达岭关城门洞的横额上写着“北门锁钥”4个大字，北门指的是京师的北大门，锁钥说长城的坚固和险要，像一把牢不可破的大锁，锁在这里，只要守住此关，京城就可万无一失。可是腐败的明王朝最终被李自成领导的农民起义军推翻了。不过据说当年要自成进北京并没有攻破八达岭关城，而是绕过延庆的柳沟过去的。明王朝为了加强统治，也确实没少下功夫。把元朝残余势力赶走以后，为了防止他们侵扰，明朝在建国之初就提出了“高筑墙”的口号，开国皇帝朱元璋还派大将军徐达、冯胜等率军在北方筑关制塞，修筑长城。在明朝270多年统治中，先后有18次大规模的修筑工程，终于建成一道长城，东起辽宁省的鸭绿江边，西止于甘肃省嘉峪关，这便是我们通常说的，现在还能看到的万里长城。明长城全长6300多公里，经过我国北方9个省、市、自治区。无论从工程技术水平和设防的严密程度，都是以前的长城无法比拟的。同时明代万里长城不再是单一的一道高墙，而是修筑成“层层布防”的纵深防御体系，重点地区还修筑了多道城墙、关隘。宁夏、陕西、山西、河北等地都修筑了长城复线，山西设置的长城复线就有4条之多。在重要的交通军事要地，修筑多座关城和多道较短的墙，如雁门关的10里山谷，有28道石墙，可谓“寸土设障、步步为营”。为了防守，明王朝在长城沿线陈兵90余万。从东到西把长城分9个防区（称为九边，相当于现在的军区），每区都派大将镇守，这种防区称为“镇”，它们是：辽东镇、蓟镇、宣府镇、大同镇、山西镇、延绥镇、宁夏镇、固原镇、甘肃镇。八达岭长城是蓟镇居庸关的下属关口。居庸关是“路”级防区，辖区东自西水峪黄花镇界45公里，西至镇边城坚子谷口紫荆关界60公里，南至宛平县界，北至土木驿宣府界。居庸关关城扼就北咽喉要道，八达岭处在要道的北口。八达岭以南曾修筑三道关，即南口、居庸关、上关，加上八达岭，一共是4道关。弘治十八年即1505年，八达岭建成关城，同期，在关城以北延庆县境内的山川路口、交通要道上，修建墩台、烽燧100多座。这时期，北方摹上俺答部族兴起，不断南下进行抢掠。正德十年（1515年），俺答部骑兵进犯八达岭，大肆杀鹨掠夺而去。俺答骑兵，来去神速，飘忽不定，次年又窜扰延庆地区，威胁京师，民不安宁。为了加强防御，嘉靖十八年即1539年，重修八达岭关城东门。嘉靖三十年（1551年），在八达岭关城西北3里处建兵营，名岔道城。驻扎重兵戚继光调来北方，总理蓟、昌、保三镇防务，他对东起山海关，西迄居庸关，延绵600公里长城重新修筑。由于八达岭战略地位重要，是修筑的重点地段，城墙高大坚固，敌楼密集，用料考究。万历十年（1582年），重建关城西门。先后经营了80多年，八达岭长城成为城关相连，墩堡相望，重城护卫，烽火报警的防御体系。八达岭又是历史上许多重大事件的见证。第一位帝王秦始皇东临碣石之后，从八达岭取道大同，再驾返咸阳，而萧太后巡幸、元太祖入关、元代皇帝每年两次往返北京和上都之间、明朝帝王北伐、清代天子亲征、慈禧太后西逃~~~八达岭都是必经之地。至今在八达岭关城东门外还有慈禧西逃留下的“望京石”一景。1900年八国联军侵占北京，慈禧太后与光绪皇帝一行西逃，逃至八达岭，慈禧站在石头上回望京城，伫立良久，不愿离去，因此去不知何日才能返京，不禁黯然落泪，因此得名望京石。大家有兴趣的话，下车后，可以去看一看。清代以后，早已推动军事价值的八达岭长城日渐荒废。长城的墙体、敌楼等，由于自然和人为因素的破坏，已是断壁残垣。新中国成立后，长城的全部建筑被国家保护，并组织有关部门进行修缮。1961年，国务院确定八达岭长城和城墙为僵重点文物保护单位对游人开放。1984年，在邓小平同志“受我中华，修我长城”的倡议下，古老雄关更换新颜，先后修复敌楼19座，城墙全长3741米，使游览部面积达到万平方米。1986年又被评为新北京十六景之一。1987年万里长城被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会列入“世界文化遗产”名录，并颁布了证书，八达岭作为万里长城的代表领取了证书，现在这个证书的原件就保存在八达岭长城脚下的中国长城博物馆。1991年八达岭又以绝对多数票被国家旅游局评为中国旅游胜地四十佳之首。八达岭长城是万里长城向游人开放最早的地段，知名度也最高，迄今，八达岭已接待中外游人6000多万，先后有尼克松、里根、撒切尔夫人、戈尔巴乔夫、伊丽莎白女王、日本天皇夫妇等300多位外国首脑和众多的世界风云人物登上八达岭长城观光游览，这种情况，在世界风景名胜中也是罕见的。“不到长城非好汉”，不用着急，您马上就要成为登城的好汉了。
静香陈陈
考试由笔试与现场考试两部分组成，笔试采取机考方式进行，笔试科目为：政策法规、导游业务、全国导游基础知识、地方导游基础知识（科目一、二、三、四）。现场考试科目为：导游服务能力（科目五），若考英文导游，则为英文口试。科目一、二合并为1张试卷进行测试，总分100分，考试时间为90分钟。科目三、四合并为1张试卷进行测试，总分100分（其中科目四占比不少于50%），考试时间为90分钟。笔试每个科目65题（30题单选，35题多选）因为都是选择题，完全可以买本教材自学。面试的内容主要包括景点导游词讲解和考生基本技能及应变知识的掌握。导游词讲解范围一般会在考试大纲中给出具体要讲解的景点名称，需要用英文进行讲解；导游词讲解完之后，考官会问你几个问题，你要根据所学的进行解答，问题是在所考的5个科目中的内容。部分省份还有中译英和英译中的考查。面试的英文导游词讲解部分会有难度，在考试前建议报个班提高下。成绩是要以总分，笔试，面试分别划定分数线，都过线了才通过。
优质导游证资格证问答知识库
